List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Foreword by Burr Settles
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction: Digital Language Assessment in the Age of Accelerations
Ben Naismith
Part I: Test Theory
2. Paradigm Shift: A Dynamic Ecosystem for AI-driven Language Assessment
Jill Burstein and Alina A. von Davier
3. The Empirical Void: Re-evaluating Context-Independent Tasks in Language Testing
Geoffrey T. LaFlair and Xun Yan
4. Opportunity to Test: Geographical Access as a Neglected Aspect of Test Validity
Ramsey L. Cardwell and William C. M. Belzak
5. Evolving Perspectives on Reading Assessment: Theory, Practice, and the Case of the Duolingo English Test
Xinyi Ma and Xun Yan
Part II: Test Development
6. Compositional Automated Item Generation: Developing Scalable, Valid, and Innovative Assessments
Yigal Attali, Andrew Runge, Yena Park, Sarah Goodwin, and Geoffrey T. LaFlair
7. The Duolingo English Test Interactive Writing Task: A Conceptual and Evidence-Based Innovation in Large-Scale Writing Assessment
Mya Poe and Norbert Elliot
8. Digital-First Content Development for Test Fairness
Yena Park, Jacqueline Church, Andrew Runge, and Phoebe Mulcaire
9. The DET Platform for Item eXperimentation, Iteration, and Evaluation (PIXIE)
Xiaowan Zhang, Andrew Runge, Yigal Attali, Yena Park, and Geoffrey T. LaFlair
Part III: Test Scoring
10. Applications of Large Language Models in Automated Writing Evaluation
Nitin Madnani, Phoebe Mulcaire, and Kai-Ling Lo
11. Salient Pronunciation Features for L2 Oral Proficiency and Intelligibility: Implications for the DET's Automated Scorer
Maria (Masha) Kostromitina and Okim Kang
12. Maintaining the Meaning of Test Scores in a High-Volume Evolving Assessment
Steven W. Nydick, Manqian Liao, Siyuan M. Chen, and J.R. Lockwood
13. Calibration, Scoring, and Administration of a High-Stakes Computerized Adaptive Test
James Sharpnack, Steven W. Nydick, J.R. Lockwood, Alexander Tsigler, and Alina A. von Davier
Part IV: Test Infrastructure and Quality Assurance
14. Software Architecture for a High-Stakes, On-Demand, Digital-First Language Assessment
Kevin Yancey
15. Securing the DET: Principles and Practices for a Secure Remote High-Stakes Test
Mizra B. Baig, Chenhao Niu, Yong-Siang Shih, and Liangyu Chen
16. Measuring Accuracy in Remote Proctoring Decisions
William C. M. Belzak and Yigal Attali
17. Driving Innovation: Technical Program Management in AI-Enabled Digital Language Assessment
Neha Jain and Alina A. von Davier
Part V: Test Impact
18. Investigating Duolingo English Test Washback: A Focus on Test Preparation Activities
Daniel R. Isbell, Ann Tai Choe, Daniel Holden, Ayano Kawasaki, Jieun Kim, Yoonseo Kim, Maggie McGehee, Hitoshi Nishizawa, Leeseul Park, and Alexander F. Tang
19. Breaking Barriers: How the Duolingo English Test Expands Access to Global Education
Emma McLeavey-Weeder and Adam Shuck
20. Views on Malian English Pedagogy and Assessment and the DET Language Assessment Tasks: Finding Alignments and Opportunities through Focus Group Research
Kadidja Koné and Paula Winke
21. Building Trust in a Digital Assessment: Communication, Transparency, and Stakeholder Engagement
Sophie Wodzak, Ramsey L. Cardwell, and Maria (Masha) Kostromitina
22. Afterword: Innovations in Digital-First Adaptive Testing and the Future of Personalized Assessment
Alina A. von Davier and Stephen G. Sireci