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Think Again A New Introduction to Philosophy

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

09.03.2027

Abbildungen

199 b/w illus.

Verlag

University Presses

Seitenzahl

512

Maße (L/B)

25,4/20,3 cm

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-691-27288-7

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

09.03.2027

Abbildungen

199 b/w illus.

Verlag

University Presses

Seitenzahl

512

Maße (L/B)

25,4/20,3 cm

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-691-27288-7

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Think Again


    • Part 1. Philosophy as a Way of Life

      • Chapter 1: Socrates and Plato

        • 1.1 Philosophy and Existential Questions

        • 1.2 Socrates—The Examined Life and Socratic Wisdom

          • Box 1.1 Thinking Critically: The Value of Self-Knowledge


        • 1.3 Socratic Wisdom and Dialectic

          • Box 1.2 Historical Context: Education in Ancient Athens


        • 1.4 Relativism—Cultural and Individual

          • Selection 1 Euthyphro [Socrates (S) to Euthyphro (E)]


        • 1.5 The Good, the True, and the Real

        • 1.6 Justification and Argument

          • Box 1.3 Thinking Critically: The Limits of Deduction


        • 1.7 The Virtue of Argument and Apology

          • Selection 2 Apology [Socrates (S) to Meletus (M)]

          • Box 1.4 Writing Philosophically: Exercise 1

          • Selection 3 Apology [Socrates’ Speech]

          • Box 1.5 Thinking Critically: Self-Examination and Moral Responsibility


        • 1.8 The Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line

        • 1.9 Conclusion

        • Chapter 2: Aristotle and the Background of Ancient Thought

          • 2.1 From Academy to Lyceum

          • 2.2 The Background of Ancient Thought—Pre-Socratics

            • Thales

            • Heraclitus

            • Parmenides and Zeno

            • Box 2.1 Writing Philosophically: Zeno’s Paradox—Achilles and the Tortoise

            • Box 2.2 Historical Context: The Rise of Greek Civilization


          • 2.3 Aristotle: The Scientist

            • Selection 1 Aristotle’s Physics [Book II, Part 3 and 4]


          • 2.4 Aristotle: Ethicist

            • Selection 2 Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics [Book II]

            • Box 2.3 Thinking Critically: The Hard Questions of Virtue


          • 2.5 Plato and Aristotle—A Comparison

            • Box 2.4 Thinking Critically: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions


          • 2.6 Conclusion

          • Chapter 3: Hellenistic Philosophy

            • 3.1 Be Good? Why Bother?!

            • 3.2 Hedonism

              • Box 3.1 Thinking Critically: The Value of Walking … and Thinking

              • Selection 1 Epicurus’ Principal Doctrines

              • Box 3.2 Writing Philosophically: Outlining the Problem—The BIG Outline


            • 3.3 Cynicism

            • 3.4 The Stoics and Determinism

              • Box 3.3 Historical Context: The Timelessness of Stoicism

              • Box 3.4 Thinking Critically: The Details of Determinism

              • Selection 2 Epictetus’ Enchiridion


            • 3.5 Conclusion

            • Chapter 4: Islamic and Medieval Philosophy

              • 4.1 Human Crisis and the Roots of the Philosophy of Religion

              • 4.2 The Problem of Evil

              • 4.3 Augustine

                • Augustine on the Nature of God

                • Augustine on Free Will and the Privation Theory of Evil

                • Augustine on Proofs of God’s Existence


              • 4.4 Aquinas

                • Aquinas on Proofs of God’s Existence

                • Selection 1 Aquinas’ Summa Theologica (“The Five Ways”)

                • Critiques of Aquinas


              • 4.5 Islamic Thought

              • 4.6 Avicenna

                • A Theory of Being

                • Avicenna on Proofs of God’s Existence

                • Box 4.1 Writing Philosophically: Evaluating Premises (Spoken and Unspoken)


              • 4.7 Averroes

                • Averroes on Truth and Religion

                • Averroes on the Afterlife

                • Box 4.2 Thinking Critically: Rumi on the Question of Selfishness


              • 4.8 Ibn Khald¿n

              • 4.9 Conclusion

              • Part 2. Ways of Knowing

                • Chapter 5: The Rationalists

                  • 5.1 Modern Philosophy and Existential Urgency

                    • Box 5.1 Thinking Critically: Moments of Crisis


                  • 5.2 Descartes’ Response to His Times

                    • Selection 1 Descartes’ Meditation I

                    • Box 5.2 Historical Context: Descartes: Armchair, Bedroom Philosopher?


                  • 5.3 Descartes’ Certainty: The Cogito Argument

                    • Selection 2 Descartes’ Meditation II

                    • Box 5.3 Writing Philosophically: From Question to Thesis


                  • 5.4 Cartesian Problems: Dualism and Other Minds

                    • John Stuart Mill and the Argument from Analogy


                  • 5.5 Rationalist Metaphysics—Spinoza and Leibnitz

                    • Box 5.4 Thinking Critically: To Understand is to Be Free


                  • 5.6 Hidden Passages in Modern Rationalism

                  • 5.7 Conclusion

                  • Chapter 6: The Empiricists

                    • 6.1 Introduction to Empiricism

                    • 6.2 Bacon: Four Idols and Induction on the Rise

                      • The Idol of the Tribe

                      • Idol of the Cave

                      • Idols of the Marketplace

                      • Idols of the Theater

                      • Selection 1 Bacon’s New Organon (Preface)

                      • Box 6.1 Writing Philosophically: Compare and Contrast Essays— Descartes and Bacon


                    • 6.3 Locke and the Blank Slate

                      • Selection 2 Locke: Essay Concerning Human Understanding


                    • 6.4 Berkeley on Keeping Things in Mind

                    • 6.5 Hume’s Skepticism: Science and Human Nature at Risk?

                      • Hume on ideas, impressions, and inquiry

                      • Hume’s Skepticism about Induction

                      • Box 6.2 Thinking Critically: Hume: On the Passions

                      • Selection 3 Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

                      • Hume’s Critique of Theology

                      • Hume on the Self

                      • Box 6.3 Historical Context: Japanese Philosophy in the 1700s


                    • 6.6 Conclusion

                    • Chapter 7: Kant and His Copernican Revolution in Philosophy

                      • 7.1 Kant and the Enlightenment

                      • 7.2 The First Critique: An Exploration of Judgment

                        • The Analytic-Synthetic Distinction

                        • Kant’s Copernican Revolution

                        • Categories of Judgment and Causality

                        • Selection 1 The Second Analogy from Critique of Pure Reason


                      • 7.3 “What Is Enlightenment?”

                        • Box 7.1 Writing Philosophically: Writing with Sources, Enlightened Writing

                        • Box 7.2 Thinking Critically: Kant and the Hindrances to Enlightenment

                        • Selection 2 “What Is Enlightenment?


                      • 7.4 Conclusion

                      • Part 3. Ways of Interacting

                        • Chapter 8: The Social Contract

                          • 8.1 Social and Political Philosophy: What is it?

                          • 8.2 Machiavelli: Political Power, Fortune, and Virtú

                            • Box 8.1 Writing Philosophically: Close Reading Revisited


                          • 8.3 Hobbes in Search of Political Legitimacy

                            • The State of Nature

                            • The Leviathan

                            • Selection 1 The Leviathan (1651)

                            • Box 8.2 Thinking Critically: Hobbes and the Historical Record of Political Philosophy


                          • 8.4 Locke on Liberty

                            • Selection 2 The U.S. Declaration of Independence


                          • 8.5 Rousseau on Natural Goodness and the General Will

                            • Box 8.3 Historical Context: The Role of the General Will in the French Revolution


                          • 8.6 Extending the Social Contract

                          • 8.7 Conclusion

                          • Chapter 9: Utilitarianism

                            • 9.1 Utilitarianism: Context and Basic Principles

                              • Selection 1 Jeremy Bentham’s An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)

                              • Box 9.1 Historical Context: The Panopticon of Jeremy Bentham

                              • Box 9.2 Thinking Critically: The Question of Non-Human Animals—Peter Singer


                            • 9.2 Is All Pleasure Created Equal?

                              • Selection 2 John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism (1863)


                            • 9.3 Criticisms of Utilitarianism

                              • The Objection of Demandingness

                              • The Difficulty of Predicting Consequences

                              • The Challenge of Intrinsic Value


                            • 9.4 Rule and Negative Utilitarianism

                              • Rule Utilitarianism

                              • Negative Utilitarianism

                              • Box 9.3 Writing Philosophically: Arguments and Counterarguments—Utility and Abortion


                            • 9.5 Conclusion

                            • Chapter 10: Kantian Ethics

                              • 10.1 Deontology and Kant’s Notion of Duty

                              • 10.2 The Categorical Imperative

                                • The Formulation of Universality

                                • Box 10.1 Writing Philosophically: Facing Objections: The Murderer at the Door

                                • The Formulation of Humanity

                                • Box 10.2 Historical Context: Kant’s White Supremacy

                                • Box 10.3 Writing Philosophically: Kant on Nonhuman Animals

                                • Formulation of Autonomy

                                • Perfect and Imperfect Duties

                                • Selection 1 Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals (On the Happiness of Others)

                                • Box 10.4 Thinking Critically: The Duty to Resist One’s Own Oppression


                              • 10.3 The Kingdom of Ends and Punishment

                                • Selection 2 Immanuel Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals


                              • 10.4 Conclusion

                              • Part 4. Ways of the World

                                • Chapter 11: Aesthetics

                                  • 11.1 The Importance of Beauty

                                  • 11.2 Ancient Greek Ideas About Art and Beauty

                                    • Plato and Mimesis

                                    • Aristotle and Catharsis

                                    • Selection 1 Aristotle’s Poetics

                                    • Box 11.1 Writing Philosophically: Relating Philosophy to Contemporary Life


                                  • 11.3 Formalists, Functionalists, and Kant

                                    • Kant’s Turn Inward

                                    • Kant on the Judgment of the Beautiful

                                    • Genius and Fine Art

                                    • Selection 2 The Critique of Judgment (section 46) “Fine art is the art of genius”

                                    • Box 11.2 Thinking Critically: Does Great Art (And the Appreciation of Beauty) Require Solitude?


                                  • 11.4 Schiller and Dewey on the Artistry of Life

                                    • Box 11.3 Historical Context: The Time of the Imagination

                                    • Box 11.4 Writing Philosophically: Dewey on Aesthetics and the “Live Creature”


                                  • 11.5 Bell and Danto: What Counts as Art?

                                  • 11.6 Conclusion

                                  • Chapter 12: Idealism and Materialism

                                    • 12.1 The Rise of Post-Kantian Philosophy

                                      • Box 12.1 Thinking Critically: The “Ich” in Idealism


                                    • 12.2 Hegel: The Movement of Spirit

                                      • Consciousness and Spirit

                                      • Self-Reflection and Culture

                                      • Selection 1 Preface to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit

                                      • The Phenomenology of Spirit

                                      • Box 12.2 Writing Philosophically: Lordship and Bondage


                                    • 12.3 Marx: Making Hegel Matter

                                      • Biographical Setting

                                      • Marx Meets Engels

                                      • Marxist Criticisms of Hegel (The German Ideology

                                      • The Forms of Social Relation

                                      • Box 12.3 Writing Philosophically: Evaluating a Theory: Marx versus Hegel

                                      • Modes of Production and Modes of Organization

                                      • Box 12.4 Historical Context: Marx in Africa

                                      • Selection 2 Marx’s The German Ideology (1845)


                                    • 12.4 Conclusion

                                    • Chapter 13: Pragmatism and Phenomenology

                                      • 13.1 Proto-Pragmatism: American Transcendentalism

                                        • Selection 1 Emerson’s “Self-Reliance #x201D;

                                        • Box 13.1 Historical Context: Christianity in the 1830s

                                        • Critique of Industrialization

                                        • Selection 2 Emerson’s “Compensation”

                                        • Box 13.2 Writing Philosophically: Thoreau on the Use of “I” in Philosophy


                                      • 13.2 Pragmatism: Peirce and James on Experience

                                        • Selection 3 James’ “Will to Believe”


                                      • 13.3 Dewey and Addams on Pragmatic Communities

                                        • Box 13.3 Thinking Critically: Addams on Charity


                                      • 13.4 European Phenomenology

                                        • Husserl and Heidegger


                                      • 13.5 Conclusion

                                      • Chapter 14: Existentialism and Postmodern Philosophy

                                        • 14.1 Introduction to Existentialism

                                        • 14.2 Schopenhauer, Pessimism, and the “Ozymandias Trap”

                                        • 14.3 Kierkegaard, Faith, and Anxiety

                                          • Box 14.1 Writing Critically: Discussing Short Passages


                                        • 14.4 Nietzsche, Slave Morality, and the Overman

                                          • Box 14.2 Thinking Critically: Nietzsche’s Antichrist


                                        • 14.5 Camus on the Absurd

                                          • Selection 1 Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus


                                        • 14.6 Defining Existentialism: Sartre, Beauvoir, and Fanon

                                          • Sartre and Existentialism Is a Humanism

                                          • Existentialism’s Bad Rap

                                          • Selection 2 Rilke’s Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge

                                          • Beauvoir and Fanon on Crosscurrents of Existentialism

                                          • Box 14.3 Historical Context: Existentialism and Religions of the Here and Now


                                        • 14.7 Postmodern Philosophy and Neopragmatism

                                          • Michel Foucault on Power

                                          • Richard Rorty on the Linguistic Turn


                                        • 14.8 Conclusion

                                        • Part 5. Contemporary Topics

                                          • Chapter 15: Contemporary Metaphysics and Epistemology

                                            • 15.1 The History of Metaphysics and Epistemology: A Brief Review

                                            • 15.2 What Is Knowledge?

                                              • Justified True Belief

                                              • Truth

                                              • Belief

                                              • Justification

                                              • Gettier Counterexamples

                                              • Selection 1 Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”


                                            • 15.3 Is Knowledge Possible?

                                              • Box 15.1 Historical Context: Zhuangzi and Skepticism

                                              • Moore and a Proof of an External World

                                              • Box 15.2 Writing Philosophically: Refuting a Refutation of Skepticism

                                              • Wittgenstein on Language and Knowledge

                                              • The Ideal Structure of Language

                                              • Selection 2 Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

                                              • Box 15.3 Thinking Critically: Correspondence or Not?


                                            • 15.4 Do We Possess Free Will?

                                              • Selection 3 James’s The Dilemma of Determinism

                                              • Box 15.4 Thinking Critically: Frankfurt on Compatibilism


                                            • 15.5 What Is Personal Identity?

                                            • 15.6 Conclusion

                                            • Chapter 16: Philosophy of Mind

                                              • 16.1 Introduction to the Mind

                                              • 16.2 Classical Dualism

                                                • Cartesian Dualism

                                                • Selection 1 Descartes’ Meditations VI

                                                • The Problem of Interaction

                                                • Wittgenstein’s Beetle


                                              • 16.3 The Behaviorist Challenge

                                                • Ryle’s Category Mistake

                                                • Behaviorism and Its Limits

                                                • Criticisms of Behaviorism


                                              • 16.4 Identity Theory

                                                • Lobotomies and the Physical Mind

                                                • Correlations and Identity

                                                • Zombies and the Hard Problem of Consciousness

                                                • Selection 2 David Chalmers’ “The Hard Problem of Consciousness” in The Norton Introduction to Philosophy (2018)

                                                • Eliminative Materialism


                                              • 16.5 Functionalism

                                                • Multiple Realizability

                                                • AI and the Chinese Room

                                                • Selection 3 The Chinese Room by John Searle

                                                • Box 16.1 Thinking Critically: The Turing Test

                                                • The Systems Response

                                                • Box 16.2 Historical Context: Artificial Intelligence


                                              • 16.6 Contemporary Perspectives

                                                • What Is It Like to Be a Bat?

                                                • Jackson’s Knowledge Argument

                                                • Selection 4 “What Mary Doesn’t Know”

                                                • Epiphenomenalism

                                                • Box 16.3 Writing Philosophically: Transitions and Structure


                                              • 16.7 Conclusion

                                              • Chapter 17: Virtue and Care Ethics

                                                • 17.1 Care and Virtue: Framing the Issue

                                                • 17.2 Virtue Ethics: Confucianism

                                                  • Selection 1 Confucius’ Analects (Chapter 2)


                                                • 17.3 Contemporary Ethics of Care

                                                  • Carol Gilligan’s Ethics of Care

                                                  • Box 17.1 Thinking Critically: What Is Care, Exactly?

                                                  • Criticism of Ethics of Care

                                                  • Box 17.2 Historical Context: Care Ethics and the History of Womanhood


                                                • 17.4 Virtue Ethics Brought Up to Date: Professional Codes of Conduct

                                                  • Virtue in Medical Practice

                                                  • Selection 2 Code of Medical Professionals

                                                  • Virtue in Engineering: The Case of Loyalty

                                                  • Fundamental Canons

                                                  • Box 17.3 Writing Philosophically: Using Practical Examples to Evaluate a Theory


                                                • 17.5 Conclusion

                                                • Chapter 18: Contemporary Moral and Political Philosophy

                                                  • 18.1 The Rise of Metaethics

                                                    • Box 18.1 Thinking Critically: The Naturalistic Fallacy in Action


                                                  • 18.2 Rawls and the Question of Justice

                                                    • Box 18.2 Thinking Critically: Moore and Rawls

                                                    • Selection 1 “Justice as Fairness #x201D; by John Rawls


                                                  • 18.3 Libertarianism: Leave My Stuff Alone!

                                                    • Box 18.3 Thinking Critically: The Breadth of Libertarianism


                                                  • 18.4 Communitarianism: Individualism, Overrated

                                                    • Box 18.4 Writing Philosophically: Entering a Debate


                                                  • 18.5 Radical and Feminist Critiques of Rawls

                                                    • Box 18.5 Thinking Critically: A Strange, Unsurprising Commonality


                                                  • 18.6 International Social Justice

                                                  • 18.7 Conclusion

                                                  • Chapter 19: Oppression

                                                    • 19.1 Birdcages and Double Binds

                                                      • Box 19.1 Thinking Critically: To Fight or Not to Fight? That Is the Question


                                                    • 19.2 Feminism

                                                      • Who Is a Feminist?

                                                      • Androcentric Culture and Sexism

                                                      • First Wave Feminism

                                                      • Elizabeth Cady Stanton

                                                      • Selection 1 Seneca Falls Declaration (1848)

                                                      • Box 19.2 Historical Context: Lydia Maria Child

                                                      • Second Wave Feminism

                                                      • Box 19.3 Historical Context: The Feminine Mystique and Second Wave Feminism in the United States

                                                      • Third Wave Feminism

                                                      • Selection 2 Killing Rage


                                                    • 19.3 Racism

                                                      • Washington and Du Bois

                                                      • Contemporary Philosophies “Born of Struggle”


                                                    • 19.4 Philosophy of Disability

                                                      • Box 19.4 Writing Philosophically: Conclusions 101


                                                    • 19.5 Conclusion

                                                    • Glossary

                                                    • Notes

                                                    • Index