Preface xv

1 A Brief Introduction and Importance of Data Science 1
Karthika N., Sheela J. and Janet B.

1.1 What is Data Science? What Does a Data Scientist Do? 2

1.2 Why Data Science is in Demand? 2

1.3 History of Data Science 4

1.4 How Does Data Science Differ from Business Intelligence? 9

1.5 Data Science Life Cycle 11

1.6 Data Science Components 13

1.7 Why Data Science is Important 14

1.8 Current Challenges 15

1.8.1 Coordination, Collaboration, and Communication 16

1.8.2 Building Data Analytics Teams 16

1.8.3 Stakeholders vs Analytics 17

1.8.4 Driving with Data 17

1.9 Tools Used for Data Science 19

1.10 Benefits and Applications of Data Science 28

1.11 Conclusion 28

References 29

2 Exploration of Tools for Data Science 31
Qasem Abu Al-Haija

2.1 Introduction 32

2.2 Top Ten Tools for Data Science 35

2.3 Python for Data Science 35

2.3.1 Python Datatypes 36

2.3.2 Helpful Rules for Python Programming 37

2.3.3 Jupyter Notebook for IPython 37

2.3.4 Your First Python Program 38

2.4 R Language for Data Science 39

2.4.1 R Datatypes 39

2.4.2 Your First R Program 41

2.5 SQL for Data Science 44

2.6 Microsoft Excel for Data Science 48

2.6.1 Detection of Outliers in Data Sets Using Microsoft Excel 48

2.6.2 Regression Analysis in Excel Using Microsoft Excel 50

2.7 D3.JS for Data Science 57

2.8 Other Important Tools for Data Science 58

2.8.1 Apache Spark Ecosystem 58

2.8.2 MongoDB Data Store System 60

2.8.3 MATLAB Computing System 62

2.8.4 Neo4j for Graphical Database 63

2.8.5 VMWare Platform for Virtualization 65

2.9 Conclusion 66

References 68

3 Data Modeling as Emerging Problems of Data Science 71
Mahyuddin K. M. Nasution and Marischa Elveny

3.1 Introduction 72

3.2 Data 72

3.2.1 Unstructured Data 74

3.2.2 Semistructured Data 74

3.2.3 Structured Data 76

3.2.4 Hybrid (Un/Semi)-Structured Data 77

3.2.5 Big Data 78

3.3 Data Model Design 79

3.4 Data Modeling 81

3.4.1 Records-Based Data Model 81

3.4.2 Non-Record-Based Data Model 84

3.5 Polyglot Persistence Environment 87

References 88

4 Data Management as Emerging Problems of Data Science 91
Mahyuddin K. M. Nasution and Rahmad Syah

4.1 Introduction 92

4.2 Perspective and Context 92

4.2.1 Life Cycle 93

4.2.2 Use 95

4.3 Data Distribution 98

4.4 CAP Theorem 100

4.5 Polyglot Persistence 101

References 102

5 Role of Data Science in Healthcare 105
Anidha Arulanandham, A. Suresh and Senthil Kumar R.

5.1 Predictive Modeling-Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis 106

5.1.1 Supervised Machine Learning Models 107

5.1.2 Clustering Models 110

5.1.2.1 Centroid-Based Clustering Models 110

5.1.2.2 Expectation Maximization (EM) Algorithm 110

5.1.2.3 DBSCAN 111

5.1.3 Feature Engineering 111

5.2 Preventive Medicine-Genetics/Molecular Sequencing 111

5.2.1 Technologies for Sequencing 113

5.2.2 Sequence Data Analysis with BioPython 114

5.2.2.1 Sequence Data Formats 114

5.2.2.2 BioPython 117

5.3 Personalized Medicine 121

5.4 Signature Biomarkers Discovery from High Throughput Data 122

5.4.1 Methodology I - Novel Feature Selection Method with Improved Mutual Information and Fisher Score 123

5.4.1.1 Algorithm for the Novel Feature Selection Method with Improved Mutual Information and Fisher Score 124

5.4.1.2 Computing F-Score Values for the Features 125

5.4.1.3 Block Diagram for the Method-1 125

5.4.1.4 Data Set 126

5.4.1.5 Identification of Biomarkers Using the Feature Selection Technique-I 127

5.4.2 Feature Selection Methodology-II - Entropy Based Mean Score with mRMR 128

5.4.2.1 Algorithm for the Feature Selection Methodology-II 130

5.4.2.2 Introduction to mRMR Feature Selection 132

5.4.2.3 Data Sets 132

5.4.2.4 Identification of Biomarkers Using Rank Product 133

5.4.2.5 Fold Change Values 133

Conclusion 136

References 136

6 Partitioned Binary Search Trees (P(h)-BST): A Data Structure for Computer RAM 139
Pr. D.E Zegour

6.1 Introduction 140

6.2 P(h)-BST Structure 141

6.2.1 Preliminary Analysis 143

6.2.2 Terminology and Conventions 143

6.3 Maintenance Operations 143

6.3.1 Operations Inside a Class 145

6.3.2 Operations Between Classes (Outside a Class) 148

6.4 Insert and Delete Algorithms 153

6.4.1 Inserting a New Element 153

6.4.2 Deleting an Existing Element 157

6.5 P(h)-BST as a Generator of Balanced Binary Search Trees 160

6.6 Simulation Results 162

6.6.1 Data Structures and Abstract Data Types 164

6.6.2 Analyzing the Insert and Delete Process in Random Case 164

6.6.3 Analyzing the Insert Process in Ascending (Descending) Case 168

6.6.4 Comparing P(2)-BST/P(¿)-BST to Red-Black/AVL Trees 174

6.7 Conclusion 175

Acknowledgments 176

References 176

7 Security Ontologies: An Investigation of Pitfall Rate 179
Archana Patel and Narayan C. Debnath

7.1 Introduction 179

7.2 Secure Data Management in the Semantic Web 184

7.3 Security Ontologies in a Nutshell 187

7.4 InFra_OE Framework 189

7.5 Conclusion 193

References 193

8 IoT-Based Fully-Automated Fire Control System 199
Lalit Mohan Satapathy

8.1 Introduction 200

8.2 Related Works 201

8.3 Proposed Architecture 203

8.4 Major Components 205

8.4.1 Arduino UNO 205

8.4.2 Temperature Sensor 207

8.4.3 LCD Display (16X2) 208

8.4.4 Temperature Humidity Sensor (DHT11) 209

8.4.5 Moisture Sensor 210

8.4.6 CO₂ Sensor 211

8.4.7 Nitric Oxide Sensor 212

8.4.8 CO Sensor (MQ-9) 212

8.4.9 Global Positioning System (GPS) 212

8.4.10 GSM Modem 213

8.4.11 Photovoltaic System 214

8.5 Hardware Interfacing 216

8.6 Software Implementation 218

8.7 Conclusion 222

References 223

9 Phrase Level-Based Sentiment Analysis Using Paired Inverted Index and Fuzzy Rule 225
Sheela J., Karthika N. and Janet B.

9.1 Introduction 226

9.2 Literature Survey 228

9.3 Methodology 233

9.3.1 Construction of Inverted Wordpair Index 234

9.3.1.1 Sentiment Analysis Design Framework 235

9.3.1.2 Sentiment Classification 236

9.3.1.3 Preprocessing of Data 237

9.3.1.4 Algorithm to Find the Score 240

9.3.1.5 Fuzzy System 240

9.3.1.6 Lexicon-Based Sentiment Analysis 241

9.3.1.7 Defuzzification 242

9.3.2 Performance Metrics 243

9.4 Conclusion 244

References 244

10 Semantic Technology Pillars: The Story So Far 247
Michael DeBellis, Jans Aasman and Archana Patel

10.1 The Road that Brought Us Here 248

10.2 What is a Semantic Pillar? 249

10.2.1 Machine Learning 249

10.2.2 The Semantic Approach 250

10.3 The Foundation Semantic Pillars: IRI's, RDF, and RDFS 252

10.3.1 Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) 254

10.3.2 Resource Description Framework (RDF) 254

10.3.2.1 Alternative Technologies to RDF: Property Graphs 256

10.3.3 RDF Schema (RDFS) 257

10.4 The Semantic Upper Pillars: OWL, SWRL, SPARQL, and SHACL 259

10.4.1 The Web Ontology Language (OWL) 260

10.4.1.1 Axioms to Define Classes 262

10.4.1.2 The Open World Assumption 263

10.4.1.3 No Unique Names Assumption 263

10.4.1.4 Serialization 264

10.4.2 The Semantic Web Rule Language 264

10.4.2.1 The Limitations of Monotonic Reasoning 267

10.4.2.2 Alternatives to SWRL 267

10.4.3 SPARQL 268

10.4.3.1 The SERVICE Keyword and Linked Data 268

10.4.4 SHACL 271

10.4.4.1 The Fundamentals of SHACL 272

10.5 Conclusion 274

References 274

11 Evaluating Richness of Security Ontologies for Semantic Web 277
Ambrish Kumar Mishra, Narayan C. Debnath and Archana Patel

11.1 Introduction 277

11.2 Ontology Evaluation: State-of-the-Art 280

11.2.1 Domain-Dependent Ontology Evaluation Tools 281

11.2.2 Domain-Independent Ontology Evaluation Tools 282

11.3 Security Ontology 284

11.4 Richness of Security Ontologies 287

11.5 Conclusion 295

References 295

12 Health Data Science and Semantic Technologies 299
Haleh Ayatollahi

12.1 Health Data 300

12.2 Data Science 301

12.3 Health Data Science 301

12.4 Examples of Health Data Science Applications 304

12.5 Health Data Science Challenges 306

12.6 Health Data Science and Semantic Technologies 308

12.6.1 Natural Language Processing (NLP) 309

12.6.2 Clinical Data Sharing and Data Integration 310

12.6.3 Ontology Engineering and Quality Assurance (QA) 311

12.7 Application of Data Science for COVID-19 313

12.8 Data Challenges During COVID-19 Outbreak 314

12.9 Biomedical Data Science 315

12.10 Conclusion 316

References 317

13 Hybrid Mixed Integer Optimization Method for Document Clustering Based on Semantic Data Matrix 323
Tatiana Avdeenko and Yury Mezentsev

13.1 Introduction 324

13.2 A Method for Constructing a Semantic Matrix of Relations Between Documents and Taxonomy Concepts 327

13.3 Mathematical Statements for Clustering Problem 330

13.3.1 Mathematical Statements for PDC Clustering Problem 330

13.3.2 Mathematical Statements for CC Clustering Problem 334

13.3.3 Relations between PDC Clustering and CC Clustering 336

13.4 Heuristic Hybrid Clustering Algorithm 340

13.5 Application of a Hybrid Optimization Algorithm for Document Clustering 342

13.6 Conclusion 344

Acknowledgment 344

References 344

14 Role of Knowledge Data Science During COVID-19 Pandemic 347
Veena Kumari H. M. and D. S. Suresh

14.1 Introduction 348

14.1.1 Global Health Emergency 350

14.1.2 Timeline of the COVID-19 351

14.2 Literature Review 354

14.3 Model Discussion 356

14.3.1 COVID-19 Time Series Dataset 357

14.3.2 FBProphet Forecasting Model 358

14.3.3 Data Preprocessing 360

14.3.4 Data Visualization 360

14.4 Results and Discussions 362

14.4.1 Analysis and Forecasting: The World 362

14.4.2 Performance Metrics 371

14.4.3 Analysis and Forecasting: The Top 20 Countries 377

14.5 Conclusion 388

References 389

15 Semantic Data Science in the COVID-19 Pandemic 393
Michael DeBellis and Biswanath Dutta

15.1 Crises Often Are Catalysts for New Technologies 393

15.1.1 Definitions 394

15.1.2 Methodology 395

15.2 The Domains of COVID-19 Semantic Data Science Research 397

15.2.1 Surveys 398

15.2.2 Semantic Search 399

15.2.2.1 Enhancing the CORD-19 Dataset with Semantic Data 399

15.2.2.2 CORD-19-on-FHIR - Semantics for COVID-19 Discovery 400

15.2.2.3 Semantic Search on Amazon Web Services (AWS) 400

15.2.2.4 COVID*GRAPH 402

15.2.2.5 Network Graph Visualization of CORD-19 403

15.2.2.6 COVID-19 on the Web 404

15.2.3 Statistics 405

15.2.3.1 The Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Dashboard 405

15.2.3.2 The NY Times Dataset 406

15.2.4 Surveillance 406

15.2.4.1 An IoT Framework for Remote Patient Monitoring 406

15.2.4.2 Risk Factor Discovery 408

15.2.4.3 COVID-19 Surveillance in a Primary Care Network 408

15.2.5 Clinical Trials 409

15.2.6 Drug Repurposing 411

15.2.7 Vocabularies 414

15.2.8 Data Analysis 415

15.2.8.1 CODO 415

15.2.8.2 COVID-19 Phenotypes 416

15.2.8.3 Detection of "Fake News" 417

15.2.8.4 Ontology-Driven Weak Supervision for Clinical Entity Classification 417

15.2.9 Harmonization 418

15.3 Discussion 418

15.3.1 Privacy Issues 420

15.3.2 Domains that May Currently be Under Utilized 421

15.3.2.1 Detection of Fake News 421

15.3.2.2 Harmonization 421

15.3.3 Machine Learning and Semantic Technology: Synergy Not Competition 422

15.3.4 Conclusion 423

Acknowledgment 423

References 423

Index 427

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Data Science with Semantic Technologies Theory, Practice and Application

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