To the Teacher...................................................................................................................... xiiAcknowledgments...............................................................................................................xiiiChapter Overview............................................................................................................... xivPART I: WRITING A PARAGRAPHChapter 1 Paragraph Structure.......................................................................2Introduction ...................................................................................................................3Analyzing the Model .....................................................................................................3Noticing Vocabulary: Word Families ......................................................................4Parts of a Paragraph .................................................................................................5The Topic Sentence ......................................................................................................5Supporting Sentences ...............................................................................................11The Concluding Sentence .........................................................................................14Applying Vocabulary: Using Word Families .............………………………………17The Writing Process ................................................................................................17Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about Communication ................................18Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................20Expansion ....................................................................................................................21Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Communications Medium .......................21Writing on an Assigned Topic ....................................................................................21Chapter 2 Unity and Coherence ...................................................................22Introduction .................................................................................................................23Analyzing the Model ...................................................................................................23Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms 1 .......................................................................24Unity ...............................................................................................................................24Coherence ...................................................................................................................26Repetition of Key Nouns............................................................................................27Consistent Pronouns..................................................................................................30Transition Signals........................................................................................................31Logical Order ...............................................................................................................40Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms 1 ............................................................42Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about Health and Medicine ........................42Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................44Expansion ....................................................................................................................45Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Medical Topic .............................................45Responding to a Reading ..........................................................................................45Chapter 3 Using Outside Sources...............................................................46Introduction .................................................................................................................47Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................47Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms 2 .......................................................................48Using and Citing Sources ......................................................................................48Plagiarism.....................................................................................................................48Correct Citations.........................................................................................................49Quotations ...................................................................................................................52Reporting Verbs and Phrases ...................................................................................52Punctuating Direct Quotations ..................................................................................53Using Direct Quotations as Support ........................................................................55Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect Quotations ..............................................56Paraphrasing ..............................................................................................................58Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................58Plagiarism and Paraphrasing ....................................................................................60Writing a Successful Paraphrase ..............................................................................61Using Paraphrases as Support .................................................................................64Summarizing ...............................................................................................................66Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................66Writing a Successful Summary .................................................................................67Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms 2 ............................................................69Writing Assignment: A Summary of an Article ....................................................70Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................71Expansion ....................................................................................................................72Timed Writing: A Summary of a Reading ...............................................................72Responding to a Reading ..........................................................................................72PART II: WRITING AN ESSAYChapter 4 From Paragraph to Essay.........................................................74Introduction .................................................................................................................75Analyzing the Model ................................................................................................75Noticing Vocabulary: Nouns and Noun Suffixes ................................................77Parts of an Essay ......................................................................................................78The Introductory Paragraph ......................................................................................79Body Paragraphs ........................................................................................................86The Concluding Paragraph ........................................................................................87Patterns of Organization .......................................................................................89Organization and Thesis Statements .......................................................................89Organization and Body Paragraphs .........................................................................90Outlines of Essays ....................................................................................................96Applying Vocabulary: Using Nouns and Noun Suffixes ....................................97Writing Assignment: An Essay about Education ................................................98Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................99Expansion ..................................................................................................................100Timed Writing: An Essay about Education ...........................................................100Using Quotes and Paraphrases to Support Ideas ...............................................100Chapter 5 Process Essays..............................................................................101Introduction ...............................................................................................................102Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................102Noticing Vocabulary: Word Parts and Word Families ......................................105Organization .............................................................................................................106Thesis Statements for a Process Essay ................................................................106Body Paragraphs in a Process Essay ....................................................................108Transition Signals for Chronological Order ...........................................................109Applying Vocabulary: Using Word Parts and Word Families ..........................111Writing Assignment: A Process Essay about Earth Science ..........................112Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................114Expansion ..................................................................................................................114Timed Writing: A Process Essay ............................................................................114Writing from a Diagram ............................................................................................115Chapter 6 Cause / Effect Essays ...............................................................116Introduction ...............................................................................................................117Analyzing the Models ............................................................................................117Noticing Vocabulary: Collocations 1 ..................................................................120Organization .............................................................................................................121Block Organization ...................................................................................................121Chain Organization ...................................................................................................123Transition Signals for Cause / Effect Relationships .............................................124Applying Vocabulary: Using Collocations 1 ......................................................129Writing Assignment: A Cause / Effect Essay about Psychology ...................130Self Assessment ......................................................................................................131Expansion ..................................................................................................................132Timed Writing: A Cause / Effect Essay..................................................................132Writing a Summary and Response.........................................................................132Chapter 7 Comparison / Contrast Essays...........................................133Introduction ...............................................................................................................134Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................134Noticing Vocabulary: Antonyms ..........................................................................136Organization .............................................................................................................137Points of Comparison ...............................................................................................137Point-by-Point Organization ....................................................................................138Block Organization ...................................................................................................138Comparison and Contrast Signal Words ...............................................................140Applying Vocabulary: Using Antonyms ..............................................................147Writing Assignment: A Comparison / Contrast Essay about Culture ............147Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................150Expansion ..................................................................................................................150Timed Writing: An Essay about Child / Parent Relationships ...........................150Writing a Summary and Response.........................................................................151Chapter 8 Argumentative Essays ..............................................................152Introduction ...............................................................................................................153Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................153Noticing Vocabulary: Collocations 2 ..................................................................155Organization .............................................................................................................156The Elements of an Argumentative Essay .............................................................156The Introductory Paragraph ....................................................................................158Statistics as Support .............................................................................................160Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................160Applying Vocabulary: Using Collocations 2 ......................................................165Writing Assignment: An Argumentative Essay about Space Travel................166Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................167Expansion ..................................................................................................................168Timed Writing: An Essay about Technology ........................................................168Rebutting an Argument ............................................................................................168PART III: SENTENCE STRUCTUREChapter 9 Types of Sentences.....................................................................170Introduction ...............................................................................................................171Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................171Independent and Dependent Clauses ............................................................173Independent Clauses ...............................................................................................173Dependent Clauses ..................................................................................................173Kinds of Sentences ................................................................................................174Simple Sentences .....................................................................................................174Compound Sentences .............................................................................................175Complex Sentences .................................................................................................182Compound-Complex Sentences ............................................................................184Sentence Types and Writing Style ...................................................................185Editing Practice .......................................................................................................187Writing Practice .......................................................................................................187Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................188Chapter 10 Parallelism and Sentence Problems............................189Introduction ...............................................................................................................190Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................190Parallel Structure in Sentences ........................................................................191Parallelism with Coordinators: And, Or, But ........................................................192Parallelism with Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions ..............................................192Sentence Problems ................................................................................................194Sentence Fragments ................................................................................................194Choppy Sentences ...................................................................................................196Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices ...............................................................199Stringy Sentences .....................................................................................................201Editing Practice .......................................................................................................203Writing Practice .......................................................................................................204Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................204Chapter 11 Noun Clauses................................................................................205Introduction ...............................................................................................................206Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................207That Clauses .............................................................................................................207Sentences Beginning with It ....................................................................................208Special Verb Tenses in That Clauses .....................................................................210If / Whether Clauses ..............................................................................................214Question Clauses ....................................................................................................216Editing Practice .......................................................................................................218Writing Practice .......................................................................................................219Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................220Chapter 12 Adverb Clauses............................................................................221Introduction ...............................................................................................................222Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................222Kinds of Adverb Clauses .....................................................................................223Time Clauses .............................................................................................................224Place Clauses ............................................................................................................225Distance, Frequency, and Manner Clauses ..........................................................226Reason Clauses ........................................................................................................228Result Clauses ...........................................................................................................230Purpose Clauses .......................................................................................................233Contrast Clauses ......................................................................................................235Conditional Clauses ..................................................................................................239Editing Practice .......................................................................................................240Writing Practice .......................................................................................................242Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................242Chapter 13 Adjective Clauses......................................................................243Introduction ...............................................................................................................244Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................244Relative Pronouns and Adverbs .......................................................................245Position of Adjective Clauses .................................................................................245Verb Agreement in Adjective Clauses ....................................................................246Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses .....................................246Punctuation of Adjective Clauses ...........................................................................246Kinds of Adjective Clauses .................................................................................247Relative Pronouns as Subjects ...............................................................................247Relative Pronouns as Objects .................................................................................250Possessive Adjective Clauses ................................................................................252Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions .....................................................255Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality ........................................257Adjective Clauses of Time and Place ....................................................................259Editing Practice .......................................................................................................262Writing Practice .......................................................................................................263Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................263Chapter 14 Participles and Participial Phrases...............................264Introduction ...............................................................................................................265Analyzing the Model ..............................................................................................265Kinds of Participles ................................................................................................266Participle Forms.........................................................................................................266Participial Phrases .................................................................................................267Reduced Adjective Clauses ....................................................................................267Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrases ..................................................267Present Participial Phrases ......................................................................................268Past Participial Phrases ...........................................................................................269Perfect Form Participial Phrases ............................................................................271Participial Phrases and Writing Style .....................................................................272Reduced Adverb Clauses ........................................................................................274Editing Practice .......................................................................................................277Writing Practice .......................................................................................................278Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................278APPENDICESAppendix A Chapter Readings ..............................................................................279Appendix B Connecting Words and Transition Signals .....................................291Appendix C Punctuation Rules ..............................................................................299Appendix D Correction Symbols ...........................................................................309Appendix E Research and Documentation of Sources ......................................312Appendix F Peer Review / Writer’s Self-Check Worksheets .............................320Index ....................................................................................................................................337Credits .................................................................................................................................343

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