Contemporary Drug Synthesis
Preface v
Trade Names and Their Corresponding USANs xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Chapter 1. Antithrombotics: Ticlopidine (Ticlid) and Clopidogrel (Plavix) 1
Chapter 2. Anti-inflammatory Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Inhibitors: Celecoxib (Celebrex) and Rofecoxib (Vioxx) 11
Chapter 3. H+/K+ -ATPase Inhibitors: Esomeprazole (Nexium) 21
Chapter 4. Protein-tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Imatnib (Gleevec) and Gefitinib (Iressa) 29
Chapter 5. Non-sedating Antihistamines 39
Chapter 6. Cosmeceuticals: Istretinoin (Accutane), Tazarotene (Tazorac), Minoxidil (Rogaine), and Finasteride (Propecia) 55
Chapter 7. Antibacterials: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and Linezolid (Zyvox) 75
Chapter 8. Atypical Antupsychotics 89
Chapter 9. Atovastatin Calcium (Lipitor) 113
Chapter 10. Antidepressants 125
Chapter 11. Anti-obesity: Orlistat (Xenical) 149
Chapter 12. Triptans for Migrane 161
Chapter 13. PDE 5 Inhibitors for Erectile Dysfunction: Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Levitra), and Tadalafil (Cialis) 189
Chapter 14. Antiasthmatics 201
Index 214
The Art of Drug Synthesis
1 THE ROLE OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY IN DRUG DISCOVERY 1
John A. Lowe, III
2 PROCESS RESEARCH: HOW MUCH? HOW SOON? 11
Neal G. Anderson
3 AROMATASE INHIBITORS FOR BREAST CANCER: EXEMESTANE (AROMASIN), ANASTROZOLE (ARIMIDEX), AND LETROZOLE (FEMARA) 31
Jie Jack Li
4 QUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS: LEVOFLOXACIN (LEVAQUIN), MOXIFLOXACIN (AVELOX), GEMIFLOXACIN (FACTIVE), AND GARENOXACIN (T-3811) 39
Chris Limberakis
5 TRIAZOLE ANTIFUNGALS: ITRACONAZOLE (SPORANOX), FLUCONAZOLE (DIFLUCAN), VORICONAZOLE (VFEND), AND FOSFLUCONAZOLE (PRODIF) 71
Andrew S. Bell
6 NON-NUCLEOSIDE HIV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS 83
Arthur Harms
7 NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS FOR INFLUENZA: OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE (TAMIFLU) AND ZANAMIVIR (RELENZA) 95
Douglas S. Johnson and Jie Jack Li
8 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR (PPAR) AGONISTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES 117
Jin Li
9 ANGIOTENSIN AT1 ANTAGONISTS FOR HYPERTENSION 129
Larry Yet
10 LEADING ACE INHIBITORS FOR HYPERTENSION 143
Victor J. Cee and Edward J. Olhava
11 DIHYDROPYRIDINE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS FOR HYPERTENSION 159
Daniel P. Christen
12 SECOND-GENERATION HMG-CoA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS 169
Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn
13 CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITORS: EZETIMIBE (ZETIA) 183
Stuart B. Rosenblum
14 DUAL SELECTIVE SEROTONIN AND NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSNRIs) FOR DEPRESSION 199
Marta Pineiro-Nunez
15 GABAA RECEPTOR AGONISTS FOR INSOMNIA: ZOLPIDEM (AMBIEN), ZALEPLON (SONATA), ESZOPICLONE (ESTORRA, LUNESTA), AND INDIPLON 215
Peter R. Guzzo
16 Alpha2Delta LIGANDS: NEURONTIN (GABAPENTIN) AND LYRICA (PREGABALIN) 225
Po-Wai Yuen
17 APPROVED TREATMENTS FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: AMPHETAMINE (ADDERALL), METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN), AND ATOMOXETINE (STRATERRA) 241
David L. Gray
References 257
Index 261
Modern Drug Synthesis
Preface xi Contributors xiii
I. Infectious Diseases 1
Chapter 1. Raltegravir (Isentress), The First-in-class HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor 3
Julianne A. Hunt
Chapter 2. Maraviroc (Selzentry), The First-in-class CCR5 Antagonist for the Treatment of HIV 17
David Price
Chapter 3. Darunavir (Prezista), A HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor for Treatment of Multidrug Resistant HIV 29
Arun K. Ghosh and Cuthbert D. Martyr
II. Cancer 45
Chapter 4. Decitabine (Dacogen), A DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor for Cancer 47
Jennifer A. Van Camp
Chapter 5. Capecitabine (Xeloda), An Oral Chemotherapy Agent 57
R. Jason Herr
Chapter 6. Sorafenib (Nexavar), A Multi-kinase Inhibitor for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma and Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma 73
Shuanghua Hu
Chapter 7. Sunitinib (Sutent), An Angiogenesis Inhibitor 87
Martin Pettersson
Chapter 8. Bortezomib (Velcade), A First-in-class Proteasome Inhibitor 99
Benjamin S. Greener and David S. Millan
Chapter 9. Pazopanib (Votrient), A VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for Cancer 111
Ji Zhang and Jie Jack Li
III. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases 123
Chapter 10. Sitagliptin (Januvia), A Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes 125
Scott D. Edmondson, Feng Xu, and Joseph D. Armstrong III
Chapter 11. Aliskiren (Tekturna), The First-in-class Renin Inhibitor for Hypertension 141
Victor J. Cee
Chapter 12. Vernakalant (Kynapid), An Investigational Drug for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation 159
David L. Gray
Chapter 13. Conivaptan (Vaprisol), Vasopressin V1a and V2 Antagonist for Hyponatremia 175
Brian A. Lanman
Chapter 14. Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), A Factor Xa Inhibitor for the Treatment of Thrombotic Events 191
Ji Zhang and Jason Crawford
Chapter 15. Endothelin Antagonists for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 207
David Edmonds
IV. Central Nervous System Diseases 225
Chapter 16. Varenicline (Chantix), An ¿4ß2 Nicotinic Receptor Partial Agonist for Smoking Cessation 227
Jotham W. Coe, Frank R. Busch and Robert A. Singer
Chapter 17. Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine: Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease 249
Subas Sakya and Kapil Karki
Chapter 18. Aprepitant (Emend), A NK1 Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Post-chemotherapy Emesis 275
John A. Lowe, III
Chapter 19. Armodafinil (Nuvigil), A Psychostimulant for the Treatment of Narcolepsy 291
Ji Zhang and Jason Crawford
V. Miscellaneous 307
Chapter 20. Raloxifene (Evista), A Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) 309
Marta Piñeiro-Núñez
Chapter 21. Latanoprost (Xalatan), A Prostanoid FP Agonist for Glaucoma 329
Sajiv K. Nair and Kevin E. Henegar
Index 339
Innovative Drug Synthesis
Preface xi
Contributors xiii
PART I. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1
Chapter 1. Entecavir (Baraclude): A Carbocyclic Nucleoside for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B 3
Chapter 2. Telaprevir (Incivek) and Boceprevir (Victrelis): NS3/4A Inhibitors for Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) 15
Chapter 3. Daclatasvir (Daklinza): The First-in-Class HCV NS5A Replication Complex Inhibitor 43
Chapter 4. Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi): The First-in-Class HCV NS5B Nucleotide Polymerase Inhibitor 61
Chapter 5. Bedaquiline (Sirturo): A Diarylquinoline that Blocks Tuberculosis ATP Synthase for the Treatment of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis 81
PART II. CANCER 99
Chapter 6. Enzalutamide (Xtandi): An Androgen Receptor Antagonist for Late-Stage Prostate Cancer 101
Chapter 7. Crizotinib (Xalkori): The First-in-Class ALK/ROS Inhibitor for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 119
Chapter 8. Ibrutinib (Imbruvica): The First-in-Class Btk Inhibitor for Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia 157
Chapter 9. Palbociclib (Ibrance): The First-in-Class CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Breast Cancer 167
PART III. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 197
Chapter 10. Ticagrelor (Brilinta) and Dabigatran Etexilate (Pradaxa): P2Y12 Platelet Inhibitors as Anti-coagulants 199
PART IV. CNS DRUGS 223
Chapter 11. Suvorexant (BELSOMRA): The First-in-Class Orexin Antagonist for Insomnia 225
Chapter 12. Lorcaserin (Belviq): Serotonin 2C Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity 243
Chapter 13. Fingolimod (Gilenya): The First Oral Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis 255
Chapter 14. Perampanel (Fycompa): AMPA Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Seizure 271
PART V. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS 283
Chapter 15. Tofacitinib (Xeljanz): The First-in-Class JAK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis 285
PART VI. MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS 303
Chapter 16. Ivacaftor (Kalydeco): A CFTR Potentiator for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis 305
Chapter 17. Febuxostat (Uloric): A Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Gout 317
Index 331
