Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi
Nomenclature xiii
Contents xix
I Measurements, Error Analysis and Design of Experiments
1 Measurements and Errors in measurement 3
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Errors in measurement 6
1.3 Statistical analysis of experimental data 8
1.4 Propagation of errors 40
1.5 Specifications of instruments and their performance 44
2 Regression analysis 47
2.1 Introduction to regression analysis 48
2.2 Linear regression 49
2.3 Polynomial regression 54
2.4 General non-linear fit 60
2.5 ¿2 test of goodness of fit 62
2.6 General discussion on regression analysis including special cases 66
3 Design of experiments 73
3.1 Design of experiments 74
Exercise I 89
I.1 Errors and error distributions 89
I.2 Propagation of errors 92
I.3 Regression analysis 94
I.4 Design of experiments 99
II Measurements of Temperature, Heat Flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient
4 Measurements of Temperature 103
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Thermometry or the science and art of temperature measurement 104
4.3 Thermoelectric thermometry 110
4.4 Resistance thermometry 131
4.5 Pyrometry 149
4.6 Other temperature measurement techniques . 162
4.7 Measurement of transient temperature . 171
5 Systematic errors in temperature measurement 183
5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Examples of temperature measurement 183
5.3 Conduction error in thermocouple temperature measurement 186
5.4 Measurement of temperature of a moving fluid 194
6 Heat flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient 205
6.1 Measurement of heat flux 205
6.2 Measurement of heat transfer coefficient 223
Exercise II 229
II.1 Temperature measurement 229
II.2 Transient temperature measurement 235
II.3 Thermometric error 237
II.4 Heat flux measurement 239
III Measurement of Pressure, Fluid velocity, Volume flow rate, Stagnation and Bulk mean temperatures
7 Measurement of Pressure 243
7.1 Basics of pressure measurement 244
7.2 U - Tube manometer 245
7.3 Bourdon gauge 253
7.4 Pressure transducers 254
7.5 Measurement of pressure transients 269
7.6 Measurement of vacuum 275
8 Measurement of Fluid Velocity 281
8.1 Introduction 282
8.2 Pitot - Pitot static and impact probes 282
8.3 Velocity measurement based on thermal effects 293
8.4 Doppler Velocimeter 303
8.5 Time of Flight Velocimeter 309
9 Volume flow rate 315
9.1 Measurement of volume flow rate 316
9.2 Variable area type flow meters 316
9.3 Rotameter or Drag effect flow meter 330
9.4 Miscellaneous types of flow meters 334
9.5 Factors to be considered in the selection of flow meters 336
9.6 Calibration of flow meters 337
10 Stagnation and Bulk mean temperature 343
10.1 Stagnation temperature measurement 344
10.2 Bulk mean temperature 346
Exercise III 351
III.1 Pressure measurement 351
III.2 Velocity measurement 353
III.3 Volume flow rate 354
IV Thermo-physical properties, Radiation properties of surfaces, Gas concentration, Force/Acceleration, torque and power
11 Measurement of thermo-physical properties 359
11.1 Introduction 360
11.2 Thermal conductivity 360
11.3 Steady state methods 361
11.4 Transient method 369
11.5 Measurement of heat capacity 370
11.6 Measurement of calorific value of fuels 374
11.7 Measurement of viscosity of fluids 380
12 Radiation properties of surfaces 389
12.1 Introduction 390
12.2 Features of radiation measuring instruments 393
12.3 Integrating sphere 394
12.4 Measurement of emissivity 400
13 Gas concentration 409
13.1 Introduction 410
13.2 Non separation methods 413
13.3 Separation methods 419
14 Force/Acceleration, torque and power 429
14.1 Introduction 430
14.2 Force Measurement 430
14.3 Measurement of acceleration 436
14.4 Measurement of torque and power 448
Exercise IV 457
IV.1 Thermo-physical properties 457
IV.2 Radiation properties of surfaces 459
IV.3 Gas concentration 459
IV.4 Force, acceleration, Torque and Power 459
V Data Manipulation and Examples from laboratory practice
15 Data Manipulation 465
15.1 Introduction 466
15.2 Mechanical signal conditioning 466
15.3 Electrical/Electronic signal conditioning 468
16 Examples from laboratory practice 487
16.1 Introduction 488
16.2 Thermocouple calibration using a data logger 489
16.3 Calibration of a digital differential pressure gauge 491
16.4 Signal conditioning for torque measurement using strain gauges 492
16.5 Software 494
Exercise V 497
A Bibliographic Notes and References 499
A.1 Bibliographic Notes 499
A.2 References 501
B Useful tables 505
Index 517
