Introduction: Turning Points PART I: RETHINKING PARTICIPATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 1. Background and Overview 2. Current Participatory Approaches 3. Rethinking Participation Practice and Theory PART II: DEEP PARTICIPATION: A NATURAL DYNAMIC OF THE WORLD 4. New Directions 5. The Six Elements of Deep Participation 6. Tracing Deep Participation in West Africa 7. Tracing Deep Participation in North America PART III: PARTICIPATORY SOCIAL THEORY IN A FAST CHANGING WORLD 8. Stalemate or Reinvention? 9. The Dynamics of Participation 10. Formulating a Participatory Social Theory 11. Conclusion: Creating Social Justice