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Produktbild: The Path to the Berlin Wall

The Path to the Berlin Wall Critical Stages in the History of Divided Germany

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

01.04.2014

Verlag

Berghahn Books, Inc

Seitenzahl

386

Maße (L/B/H)

23,5/15,7/2,5 cm

Gewicht

708 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-78238-288-1

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

01.04.2014

Verlag

Berghahn Books, Inc

Seitenzahl

386

Maße (L/B/H)

23,5/15,7/2,5 cm

Gewicht

708 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-78238-288-1

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: gpsr@libri.de

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  • Produktbild: The Path to the Berlin Wall

  • Foreword
    List of Abbreviations
    Map of Germany, 1949-89
    Map of Berlin, 1949-89

    Introduction

    PART I: THE POLARIZATION OF POSTWAR EUROPE

    Chapter 1. The Allied War Conferences and Europe's Postwar Order



    • The United States of America and the Anti-Hitler Coalition's Goals for Peace: The Atlantic Charter of 1941

    • The Soviet Precedent in 1944 Poland and Churchill's Warning about the Iron Curtain in 1945

    • Yalta: Controlling Germany without Dismembering It

    • Germany's Forced Reorientation

      • Liberation and Occupation Rule

      • The Question of Guilt

      • Emerging from Catastrophe: Konrad Adenauer, Kurt Schumacher, and Walter Ulbricht


    • Potsdam 1945

      • Chapter 2. New Borders for Germany



      • Poland's Borders and the Separation of Austria and the Eastern Provinces

      • The Demarcation Lines of the Occupation Zones

      • Reparations Borders

      • Berlin: The Four-Sector City

      • Interzonal Trade: An Economic Safety Pin Holding Together the Divided Country

      • The Interzonal Pass: First Efforts to Control Travel to and from the East

      • The Inter-German Emigration Movement, 1945-1989/90


      Chapter 3. Two German States



      • Conflicts over the German Party System and the Democratic Elections of 1946

      • The Establishment of Communist Party Rule in the Soviet Zone

        • Moscow Plans, 1944

        • The Soviet Military Administration and the Establishment of a Communist Party Dictatorship

        • The German Economic Commission: Preparations to Found the New State

        • The "Party of Power": Party Cleansing and the Stalinization of the SED

        • The Founding of the GDR


      • The Federal Republic of Germany: The West German State

        • Preliminary Decisions at the Conference of Foreign Ministers, Paris, 1946

        • The Bizone: A Decision to Rebuild Germany


      • Fundamental Decisions for the West German State

        • Currency Reform and the Social Market Economy

        • A Constituent Assembly for West Germany

        • The Marshall Plan

        • The European Coal and Steel Community

        • The Founding of the Federal Republic and the German Basic Law

        Chapter 4. Western Integration and the Establishment of Socialism: Competing Systems in a Divided Germany



        • The Federal Republic: Western Integration and the Reclamation of German Sovereignty

        • The Federal Republic's Alignment to the West and Stalin's Peace Note of 1952

        • The GDR in 1952: "Building the Foundations of Socialism"

          • Cementing the Zonal Border and Sealing Off West Berlin from Its Surrounding Area

          • Building Socialism in the GDR and Relations to the Federal Republic

          Chapter 6. The End of the Postwar Period: The Geneva Summit and the Transition to "Peaceful Coexistence" in Germany



          • The Geneva Summit of 1955

          • The Beginning of Diplomatic Relations between the Federal Republic and the Soviet Union, and the "Hallstein Doctrine"

          • Peaceful Coexistence in a Divided Germany: The Two-State Doctrine, Plans for a Confederation, and the Rapacki Plan

          • Sputnik and the End of America's "Massive Retaliation" Strategy

          • Nuclear Missiles for the Bundeswehr?

          • The Founding of the European Economic Community

          PART II: THE FIGHT FOR BERLIN

          Chapter 6. The First Berlin Crisis, 1948-49



          • Berlin's Historical Significance for the Division of Germany

          • Pivotal Conflicts over Berlin's Political Order after the End of the War

          • Berlin as a Soviet Lever to Shift the Zones of Influence in Germany

          • The Conflict over Berlin's Currency Reform, the Blockade, and the Airlift

          • The Division of the City

          • The Ring around Berlin: A New Border

          • Crisis Management as Super-Power Diplomacy

          Chapter 7. Stalin's Death and the First Existential Crisis of the GDR: 17 June 1953



          • A "New Course" for the SED

          • The SED State's Crisis of Legitimacy: 17 June 1953

          • The Soviet Union Guarantees the Existence of the SED State

          • Western Initiatives toward New Negotiations on Germany

          • Recognition and Stabilization of the GDR

          Chapter 8. A Prelude to the Second Berlin Crisis: The SED Party Congress



          • The Fifth Party Congress of the SED, 1958

          • The Question of a Peace Treaty with Germany

          • Khrushchev Demands a Peace Agreement and a Solution to the "Westberlin Problem"

          • SED Propaganda and the West Berlin Elections of 1958

          Chapter 9. The Soviet Union's 1958 Berlin Ultimatum



          • A Bolt of Lightning: Khrushchev's Speech on 10 November 1958

          • Khrushchev's Motives

          • The Berlin Ultimatum

          • Multiple Reactions from the West

          Chapter 10. Negotiations over a Peace Treaty and the "Free City of Westberlin"



          • Moscow Drafts

          • Ulbricht's Plans: Full Sovereignty and a Solution to the "Westberlin Problem"

            • The Transfer of Soviet Rights in Berlin to the Government of the GDR

            • The "Free City of Westberlin": The Statute by the SED


          • The Geneva Conference of Foreign Ministers, 1959

            • Chapter 11. The Second Berlin Crisis and a Shift in the Cold War



            • The International Character of the Second Berlin Crisis

            • The Soviet-Chinese Schism and the Position of the SED

            • Khrushchev's Trip to the United States in 1959

            • The Summit that Khrushchev Cut Short: Paris 1960


            Chapter 12. Crisis in the GDR, Changes to the Border Regime, and Interzonal Trade



            • A Supply Crisis and the Exodus Movement from the GDR

            • Border Controls and Special Permits to Enter East Berlin

            • The Conflict over Interzonal Trade

            • Negotiations on Interzonal Trade


            Chapter 13. Ulbricht: Resolve the "Westberlin Question" Now!



            • The Status Quo in Berlin before Khrushchev's Summit with President Kennedy

            • Ulbricht Pushes for a Solution to the "Westberlin Question," 1961

            • Khrushchev's Timeframe in March 1961


            Chapter 14. The Vienna Summit, 1961: The Second Soviet Ultimatum



            • Moscow's Expectations before the Summit

            • Kennedy: Balancing Détente and an Assertion of the Western Positions

            • Confrontation at the Summit: Khrushchev's "Vienna Ultimatum"

            • The Outcome: A Policy of Force

            • The SED's Reaction to Khrushchev's "Vienna Ultimatum"


            Chapter 15. The Decision to Close the Sector Border in Berlin



            • "No One Has the Intention of Building a Wall"

            • Ulbricht Demands Closing the Sector Border in Berlin

            • Secrecy and Conspiratorial Communication

            • Kennedy's Three Essentials and Khrushchev's Response


            Chapter 16. The Construction of the Berlin Wall, 1961: Germany's Division Gains a Symbol



            • "They Will Feel Your Power!": Khrushchev and Ulbricht on the Wall's Construction

            • West Germany Is Superior: The GDR's Economic Crisis

            • Legitimizing the Border Closure through the Warsaw Pact

            • The Operation to Close the Border: Planning and Troop Deployment

            • 13 August 1961: The Division of Berlin

              • The SED Mobilizes its Party against "Desertion of the Republic"

              • The Decision by the Council of Ministers on 12 August

              • Barbed Wire through Berlin

              • Regulations at the Border

              • The Border Regime: The Wall and the Command to Shoot

              PART III: THE END OF THE SECOND BERLIN CRISIS

              Chapter 17. Negotiations, but No War!



              • 13 August and the Berlin Crisis: Berlin-Bonn-Washington

              • Khrushchev and the German Question after the Construction of the Wall

              • Conflicting Positions among the Western Powers, and Kennedy's Decision to Negotiate

              Chapter 18. A Wall in Berlin but No Peace Treaty with the GDR



              • The Retraction of Khrushchev's Ultimatum

              • Military Exercises for an Unwanted War over Berlin

              • Ulbricht Demands a Peace Treaty

              • The Confrontation of Tanks at Checkpoint Charlie in October 1961

              • Khrushchev Approves Strengthening the Border

              • Exploratory Discussions on a Berlin Settlement

              • Khrushchev's Change of Course: Negotiations, but No Agreement

              Chapter 19. Repercussions for Germany and a Shift in Trouble Spots



              • Ulbricht and the New Situation

              • Adenauer's Conflict with Kennedy over the Transit Routes to West Berlin

              • Germany Policy, or the Importance of Holding On

              • From the Berlin Crisis to the Cuban Missile Crisis

              Conclusion: Who Was Responsible for the Berlin Wall?

              Bibliography
              List of Persons
              About the Author