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Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides

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17.10.2013

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14776 KB

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9783319015507

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Erscheinungsdatum

17.10.2013

Verlag

Springer Nature Switzerland

Seitenzahl

552 (Printausgabe)

Dateigröße

14776 KB

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Englisch

EAN

9783319015507

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  • Produktbild: Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides
  • Preface
    Abbreviations1 Fundamentals and design guides for optical waveguides
    Abstract
    1.1 State of the art and challenges
    1.1.1 Rationale and challenges of optical interconnects to electronic circuits
    1.1.2 Evolution of optical interconnects 1.1.2.1 Fiber-based optical interconnects
    1.1.2.2 Optical interconnects overlaid on PCB
    1.1.2.3 Inter-chip interconnects with board-embedded waveguides
    1.1.2.4 Free-space optoelectronic interconnects 1.1.2.5 Optical interconnects to electronic chips
    1.1.3 Waveguide components and integration technologies
    1.1.3.1 Light sources
    1.1.3.2 Characteristics of VCSELs
    1.1.3.3 Photodetectors
    1.1.3.4 Electronics
    1.1.3.5 Optical waveguides for short-range optical interconnects
    1.1.3.6 Micro-optical coupling elements
    1.1.3.7 Integration and packaging
    1.2 Fundamental theory and design methodology
    1.2.1 Classification of optical waveguides
    1.2.2 Fundament waveguide theory
    1.2.3 Optical waveguide design methodology            1.3 Waveguide materials selection and fabrication techniques
    1.4 Environmental compliance of optical waveguide materials
    1.5 Summary
    Reference2 Characterization methodologies of optical waveguides
    Abstract
    2.1 Geometrical inspection
    2.2 Reflective index measurements
    2.2.1 Reflectometry and ellipsometry
    2.2.2 Surface plasmon resonance
    2.2.3 Prism coupling
    2.2.4 Propagation-mode near-field technique
    2.2.5 Refracted near-field technique
    2.2.6 M-line spectroscopy
    2.3 Coupling techniques
    2.3.1 Prism coupling method
    2.3.2 End-coupling method
    2.3.3 Lunch and tapered-coupling method
    2.3.4 Grating coupling method
    2.4 Optical loss
    2.4.1 Propagation losses by radiation
    2.4.2 Propagation losses by absorption and mode conversion
    2.4.3 Propagation losses by diffusion
    2.4.4 Measurement of propagation losses
    2.5 Optoelectronic characterization
    2.5.1 Optical power meters 2.5.2 Optical time-domain reflectometers
    2.5.3 Spectrum analyzers
    2.5.4 Eye diagrams
    2.6 Electro-optic effects
    2.7 Thermo-optic effects
    2.8 Acousto-optic effects
    2.9 Non-linear optic effects
    2.9.1 Self-phase modulation
    2.9.2 Cross-phase modulation
    2.9.3 Four-wave mixing
    2.9.4 Stimulated Raman Scattering
    2.9.5 Stimulated brillouin scattering
    2.10 Reliability evaluation
    2.10.1 Failure modes and mechanisms
    2.10.2 Reliability qualifications
    Reference3 Optoelectronic devices integrated with optical waveguides      Abstract
    3.1 Optoelectronic theory and demonstration
    3.2 Light emission devices
    3.2.1 Light emitting diodes 3.2.2 Lasers 3.3 Optical modulators and drives
    3.4 Optical detectors
    3.4.1 Photoconductors
    3.4.2 Photodiodes
    3.4.3 Photodetectors
    3.4.3.1 Hetero-interface photodetectors
    3.4.3.2 Travelling-wave photodetectors
    3.4.3.3 Resonant-cavity photodetectors
    3.4.3.4 Phototransistors
    3.5 Optical receivers
    3.5.1 Transimpedance amplifiers
    3.5.2 Clocked sense amplifier and the receiver of minimal change
    3.6 Optical pathways
    3.6.1 Free-space approaches
    3.6.2 Guided wave approaches
    3.6.2.1 POF ribbons
    3.6.2.2 Imaging fiber bundles
    3.6.2.3 On-chip rigid waveguides
    3.6.3 Reconfigurable optical pathways
    3.6.4 Guided wave versus free space optics         3.7 Optoelectronic device hybridization and integration
    3.7.1 Bonding techniques
    3.7.2 Monolithic integration
    3.7.3 Silicon based light emission
    3.7.4 Multifunctional device        3.8 Nanomaterials for optoelectronic devices
    Reference 4 Optical fibers
    Abstract
    4.1 Historical perspective 4.2 Fiber optical principles
    4.2.1 Fiber modes
    4.2.2 Dispersive properties
    4.2.3 Type of optical fibers
    4.3 Fiber materials
    4.3.1 Glasses
    4.3.2 Plastic optical fibers
    4.3.3 Photonic crystal fibers
    4.3.4 Nano-fibers
    4.4 Fiber fabrication
    4.4.1 Purifying silica
    4.4.2 Drawing the fiber
    4.4.3 Vapor deposition techniques
    4.4.4 Joining fibers
    4.5 Optical fiber cables
    4.5.1 Cabling environments
    4.5.2 Fiber coating
    4.5.3 Basic cable construction
    4.5.4 Indoor cables
    4.5.5 Air blown fiber
    4.5.6 Outdoor cables
    4.5.7 Undersea cables
    4.6 Summary
    Reference5 Semiconductor waveguides
    Abstract
    5.1 Fundamental theory
    5.1.1 Crystal structure
    5.1.2 Energy band structure
    5.1.3 III-V compound semiconductors
    5.1.4 Quantum structure
    5.1.5 Superlattice heterostructure           5.2 Semiconductor materials and fabrication process for waveguides
    5.2.1 Silicon waveguides
    5.2.2 Gallium arsenide waveguides          5.2.3 InAs quantum dots                               5.3 Quantum-well technology
    5.3.1 Characterization of quantum well
    5.3.2 Quantum well intermixing
    5.3.3 Micromachining     5.4 Doped semiconductor waveguides
    5.5 Semiconductor nanomaterials for waveguides
    5.6 Summary
    Reference 6 Silicon-on-insulator waveguides
    Abstract
    6.1 Silicon photonics       6.2 Silicon-on-insulator materials
    6.2.1 Silicon-on-silica
    6.2.2 Silicon-on-sapphire
    6.2.3 Silicon-on-nitride
    6.2.4 Other perspective materials
    6.3 Silicon-on-insulator technology
    6.3.1 Ion implantation and damage recovery
    6.3.2 Dopant diffusion in bulk silicon
    6.4 Silicon-on-insulator waveguide structures
    6.4.1 Large single mode waveguides
    6.4.2 Strip nano-waveguides
    6.5 Fabrication techniques of SOI waveguides
    6.5.1 Wafer fabrication
    6.5.2 Waveguide fabrication                        6.6 Thallium-doped SOI rib waveguides
    6.7 Indium-doped SOI rib waveguides
    6.8 SOI waveguide applications
    6.8.1 Type of SOI waveguides
    6.8.2 Low-loss SOI waveguides
    6.8.3 Linear applications
    6.8.4 Nonlinear applications
    6.9 Summary
    Reference 7 Glass waveguides
    Abstract
    7.1 Glass structure and composition
    7.2 Silica glass waveguides
    7.2.1 Material processing technology
    7.2.2 Refractive index profiling of planar waveguides
    7.2.3 Silica waveguide devices
    7.3 Silicon oxynitride waveguides
    7.3.1 Material processing technology
    7.3.2 SiON waveguide design and fabrication
    7.3.3 SiON waveguide devices
    7.4 Ion-exchanged glass waveguides
    7.4.1 The ion-exchange techniques
    7.4.2 Optical property of ion-exchanged waveguides
    7.4.3 Ion-exchange systems in glass waveguides
    7.4.4 Applications of ion-exchanged glass waveguides
    7.5 Sol-gel glass waveguides
    7.6 Laser-written waveguides
    7.7 Glass waveguide lasers
    7.8 Summary
    Reference8 Electro-optic waveguides
    Abstract
    8.1 Physical effects in electro-optic waveguides
    8.2 Electro-optic materials and modulators
    8.2.1 Electro-optic materials in photonics
    8.2.2 Electro-optic modulation in waveguides
    8.2.3 Alternative electro-optic materials
    8.3 Lithium niobate waveguides
    8.3.1 Lithium niobate crystal
    8.3.2 fabrication process of lithium niobate waveguides
    8.3.3 Erbium-doped lithium niobate waveguides
    8.4 Lithium tantalite waveguides
    8.5 Barium titanate waveguides
    8.6 Electro-optic polymer materials and formed waveguides
    8.6.1 Electro-optic polymer materials                      8.6.2 Electro-optic polymer waveguides
    8.7 Liquid crystal electro-optic waveguides
    8.8 Strained silicon as an electro-optic material
    8.9 Summary
    Reference 9 Polymer based optical waveguides
    Abstract
    9.1 Rationale of polymers used for optical waveguides
    9.2 Polymeric waveguide materials
    9.2.1 Current perspectives
    9.2.2 Materials characterization and performance requirement
    9.2.3 Conventional optical polymers
    9.2.4 Advanced optical polymers
    9.3 Fabrication process of polymer waveguides
    9.3.1 Photoresist-based patterning
    9.3.2 Direct lithographic patterning
    9.3.3 Soft lithography
    9.3.4 Electron beam bombardment
    9.3.5 Injection molding
    9.3.6 UV writing
    9.3.7 Dispensed polymer waveguides
    9.3.8 Doping of polymers to create waveguide devices
    9.4 Polymer based optical components and integrated optics
    9.4.1 Switches
    9.4.2 Variable optical attenuators and tunable filters
    9.4.3 Polarization controllers and modulators
    9.4.4 Lasers and amplifiers
    9.4.5 Detectors
    9.4.6 Optical interconnects for computing systems
    9.4.7 Planar optical connects for wavelength division multiplexing telecommunication systems
    9.4.8 Planar optical waveguides for sensors
    9.4.9 Integrated planar lightwave circuits
    9.5 Summary
    Reference 10 Hollow waveguides
    Abstract
    10.1 State of art and perspectives 10.2 Hollow waveguide design and materials selection
    10.2.1 Design principle
    10.2.2 Materials selection and structure design
    10.3 OmniGuide hollow Bragg fibers
    10.4 Metal/dielectric coated hollow waveguides
    10.5 Hollow glass waveguides
    10.6 Chalcogenide glass hollow Bragg fibers
    10.6.1 Germanium selenide glass
    10.6.2 High refractive index chalcogenide glasses
    10.6.3 Silver-Arsenic-Selenide glasses
    10.6.4 Chalcogenide glass HBF preform fabrication and drawing
    10.7 Liquid core waveguides
    10.8 Applications of hollow waveguides
    10.8.1 Hollow waveguides for optical PCB technology
    10.8.2 Hollow waveguides for medical applications
    10.8.3 Prospective telecommunication applications
    10.8.4 Hollow waveguides as gas cells
    10.8.5 Applications of hollow waveguides for remote sensing
    10.8.6 Industrial Applications
    10.9 Summary
    Reference 11 Metamaterial optical waveguides
    Abstract
    11.1 Historical perspective
    11.2 Fabrication techniques of optical metamaterials
    11.2.1 2D metamaterial structures
    11.2.2 3D metamaterials
    11.2.3 Thin metal film deposition for fabrication of metamaterials 11.3 Metamaterial waveguiding principle
    11.4 Modes of metamaterial waveguide structures
    11.5 Metamaterial modulators
    11.5.1 Free-space fishnet metamaterial modulator
    11.5.2 Integrated fishnet metamaterial modulator
    11.6 Superlens
    11.6.1 Superlensing in the near field
    11.6.2 Superlenses projecting far-field images
    11.6.3 Hyperlens as an optical turbine
    11.7 Metamaterial sensors
    11.7.1 Biosensors
    11.7.2 Thin-film sensors
    11.7.3 Wireless strain sensors
    11.8 Future prospects|
    11.9 Summary
    Reference 12 Perspectives and future trends
    Abstract
    12.1 Optical waveguide devices and materials
    12.1.1 Terahertz band
    12.1.2 Near-infrared range
    12.1.3 Visible and ultraviolet ranges
    12.1.4 Optical interconnects
    12.2 Advances of micro-optics and nanophotonics
    12.2.1 Silicon photonics
    12.2.2 Nanoplasmonics
    12.2.3 Photonic crystals and metamaterials for micro-optics and nanophotonics
    12.2.4 Terahertz radiation and its applications
    12.2.5 Nanophotonics and quantum information processing
    12.3 Trends in applications
    12.3.1 Optical communication networks
    12.3.2 Optical memory and information processing
    12.3.3 Displays
    12.3.4 Laser processing and optical measurement
    12.3.5 Medical technology in the optical industry
    12.4 Summary
    References
    Index