About the Author xiii
Acknowledgement xv
1. Water and Cities 1
The Molecule 1
Blue Planet 1
A Global Water Cycle 2
Terrain and Water 2
Seasons and Cycles 4
Variations in Rainfall 4
Changing Climates 5
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 5
Fossil Fuels and Growth 6
The Ancients and Water 6
Dams 7
Limits 7
Sanitation 9
Pollution 9
Urban Drainage 10
Potable Water 12
Waste 12
Rainwater Harvesting 13
Recycling 14
Biodiversity 14
Restoration 15
The Future 16
Privatization and Regulation 16
Coordination and Cooperation 17
Towards a Better Future 18
2. A Brief History of Water Supply and Sanitation 19
Genesis 19
Bronze Age 20
The First Aqueducts 20
Nineveh 21
The Nile 21
The Minoans 22
Pompeii 23
Byzantium 24
Yucatan 24
The Incas 25
Qi 26
Lijiang 26
Medieval and Early Modern Europe 26
Early Victorian Period 27
Germ Theory 27
The Great Stink 28
Modern Sewers and Sewage Treatment 28
Sewage Treatment Refined 29
Standards for Sewage Treatment 29
Birmingham Corporation Water Act 1892 30
Los Angeles and the Owens Valley 30
3. Demand 33
Basic Needs 33
Personal Consumption 34
Water Footprint 35
Dependency 36
China 36
Germany 36
India 37
Indonesia 37
Spain 38
United Kingdom 38
Water Footprint of Products 38
Meat 39
Vegetable Crops 39
Power Plants 40
Steel 41
Mining, Oil and Gas 42
When Will Water Consumption Peak? 42
4. Supply 43
The Roof of the World 43
Mountains 44
Forests 45
Reservoirs 46
Impacts of Dams 46
Lowland Rivers 47
Licensing Abstraction 48
Aquifers 48
Nitrate 49
Overabstraction 49
Desalination 50
Reverse Osmosis 50
Impacts of Desalination 51
High Cost of Desalination 51
Rainwater Harvesting 51
Pressure and Pumps 52
Pipework 52
Reliant on Rain 53
5. Climate Change and Water 55
Climate Changes 55
The Greenhouse Effect 55
Callendar 56
Keeling 57
Atmosphere and Oceans 57
Details of the Carbon Cycle 57
The IPCC 58
Stern and the Financial Crisis 58
400 ppm Breached 59
Two Degrees 59
Sea Level Rises 60
Coastal Cities 61
Warmer Seas 62
Ice 62
Feedback Loops 62
Ocean Chemistry 63
Snowmelt 63
Models and Projections 65
Summer Storms 66
Heat Waves 66
Drought 66
6. Microclimate 69
Climate 69
Microclimate 69
City Microclimates 70
Urban Heat-Island Effect 70
Smog 70
Solving the Air-Pollution Problem 71
Cooler Roofs 72
Living Walls 73
Trees Cool Streets 74
Parks 75
Quality of Green Space 75
Locating Trees 76
Water Bodies 76
Rivers 76
Heat-Related Deaths 77
Energy Savings 78
An Overwhelming Case 79
7. Ecosystem Approach 81
The Great Acceleration 81
The Convention on Biological Diversity 81
Ecosystem Approach 82
Ecosystems 82
Principles of the Ecosystem Approach 83
Operational Guidance 85
Ecosystem Approach and the Water-Sensitive City 87
Impacts and Responsibilities 88
Limits 88
City-Scale Planning 89
The City Spectrum 89
Ecosystem Services 89
Valuation of Ecosystem Services 90
Supporting Services 91
Regulating Services 91
Provisioning Services 91
Cultural Services 92
Economics and Ecosystems 92
8.
