Safety and Biological Effects in MRI

Contributors xv
Series Preface xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii

Part A: Static and Gradient Fields 1

1 Static and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Their Effects in MRIs
Zhenyu Zhang and Stuart Feltham 3

2 Magnetic-field-induced Vertigo in the MR Environment
Paul Glover 23

3 Effects of Magnetic Fields and Field Gradients on Living Cells
Jarek Wosik, Martha Villagran, Ahmed Uosef, Rafik M. Ghobrial, John H. Miller Jr., and Malgorzata Kloc 33

4 Effect of Strong Time-varying Magnetic Field Gradients on Humans
John Nyenhuis and David Gross 53

5 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Modeling for MRI
Mathias Davids, Bastien Guérin, Lothar R. Schad, and Lawrence L. Wald 67

6 Magnetically Induced Force and Torque on Medical Devices
Terry O. Woods 87

7 A Review of MRI Acoustic Noise and its Potential Impact on Patient and Worker Health
Michael C. Steckner 95

8 Modeling Blood Flow
Michael Keith Sharp 119

9 Effect of Magnetic Field on Blood Flow
G.C. Shit and Sreeparna Majee 133

Part B: Radiofrequency Fields 159

10 Safety Standards for MRI
Michael C. Steckner 161

11 On the Choice of RF Safety Metric in MRI: Temperature, SAR, or Thermal Dose
Devashish Shrivastava 173

12 RF Coil and MR Safety
J. Thomas Vaughan 181

13 Local SAR Assessment for Multitransmit Systems: A Study on the Peak Local SAR Value as a Function of Magnetic Field Strength
Alexander J.E. Raaijmakers and Bart R. Steensma 195

14 Radio Frequency Safety Assessment for Open Source Pulse Sequence Programming
Sairam Geethanath, Julie Kabil, and J. Thomas Vaughan 207

15 RF Heating Due to a 3T Birdcage Whole-body Transmit Coil in Anesthetized Sheep
Samat Turdumamatov, Çagdä ¢¿ s Oto, Oktay Alg(c)¥n, Hamza Ergüder, and Tahir Malas 219

16 In Vivo Radiofrequency Heating due to 1.5, 3, and 7 T Whole-body Volume Coils
Shuo Song, Ji Chen, Rongxing Zhang, Qiang He, J. Thomas Vaughan, and Devashish Shrivastava 227

17 Temperature Management and Radiofrequency Heating During Pediatric MRI Scans
Stanley Thomas Fricke, Marjean H. Cefaratti, and Andrew Matisoff 239

18 Failure to Monitor and Maintain Thermal Comfort During an MRI Scan: A Perspective from a Thermal Physiologist Turned Patient
Christopher J. Gordon 245

19 MR Thermometry to Assess Heating Induced by RF Coils Used in MRI
Henrik Odéen, John Rock Hadley, Dylan Palomino, Katelynn Stroth, and Dennis L. Parker 251

20 Heating of RF Coil
Joseph Murphy-Boesch 273

21 RF-Induced Heating in Bare and Covered Stainless Steel Rods: Effect of Length, Covering, and Diameter
Sunder Rajan, Peter Serano, Joshua Guag, Tayeb Zaidi, Kyoko Fujimoto, Maria Ida Iacono, and Leonardo M. Angelone 289

22 On the Development of a Novel Leg Phantom for RF Safety Assessment for Circular Ring External Fixation Devices in 1.5 T
Xing Huang and Ji Chen 295

23 RF Safety of Active Implantable Medical Devices
Berk Silemek, Volkan Aç(c)¥kel, and Ergin Atalar 311

24 An Analysis of Factors Influencing MRI RF Safety for Patients with AIMDs
Jingshen Liu, Jianfeng Zheng, Qingyan Wang, and Ji Chen 333

25 On Using Fluoroptic Thermometry to Measure Time-varying Temperatures in MRI
Devashish Shrivastava, Mykhaylo Nosovskyy, and Charles A. Lemaire 345

26 On Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry to Measure 'Strong' Spatio-temporal Tissue Temperature Variations and Compute Thermal Dose
Devashish Shrivastava 351

27 The Use and Safety of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles in MRI and MFH
Hattie L. Ring, John C. Bischof, and Michael Garwood 361

28 Numerical Simulation for MRI RF Coils and Safety
Julie M. Kabil and Anand Gopinath 379

29 Integral Equation Approach to Modeling RF Fields in Human Body in MRI Systems for Safety
Anand Gopinath 399

30 Safety Practices and Protocols in the MR Research Center of the Columbia University in the City of New York
Kathleen Durkin, Dania Elder, and David H. Gultekin 407

Part C: Engineering 421

31 History, Physics, and Design of Superconducting Magnets for MRI
Bruce Breneman 423

32 Fabrication of Superconducting Magnets for MRI
Bruce Breneman 447

33 Magnet Field Shimming and External Ferromagnetic Influences on the Homogeneity and Site Shielding of Superconducting MRI Magnets
Bruce Breneman 469

34 Gradient Coils
Maxim Zaitsev, Philipp Amrein, Feng Jia, and Sebastian Littin 489

35 RF Coil Construction for MRI
J. Thomas Vaughan and Russell Lagore 503

Index 521