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Produktbild: Troubleshooting Vacuum Systems

Troubleshooting Vacuum Systems Steam Turbine Surface Condensers and Refinery Vacuum Towers

237,99 €

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

03.12.2012

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

280

Maße (L/B/H)

24/16,1/2 cm

Gewicht

592 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-29034-7

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

03.12.2012

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

280

Maße (L/B/H)

24/16,1/2 cm

Gewicht

592 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-29034-7

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  • Produktbild: Troubleshooting Vacuum Systems
  • Preface xiii

    Introduction xv

    Definition of Terms xix

    Other Books by Author xxiii

    1 How Jets Work 1

    1.1 The Converging-Diverging Ejector 1

    1.2 Interaction of Steam Nozzle with Converging-Diverging Diffuser 5

    1.3 Compression Ratio 6

    1.4 Converging-Diverging Ejector 7

    1.5 Velocity Boost 9

    1.6 Surging 10

    1.7 Critical Discharge Pressure 11

    1.8 Observing the Conversion of Heat to Velocity 12

    1.9 Jet Discharge Pressure 13

    1.10 Reducing Primary-Jet Discharge Pressure 14

    1.11 Bypassing First Stage Ejectors 15

    2 Making Field Measurements 17

    2.1 Getting Started 17

    2.2 How to Unscrew Steel Plugs 23

    2.3 Effect of Barometric Pressure on Indicated Vacuum 24

    2.4 Use of Piccolo 25

    2.5 Measuring Deep Vacuums using an Hg Manometer 27

    2.6 Measurement of a Deep Vacuum without Mercury 28

    2.7 Measuring Condensibles in Feed to First Stage Ejector 30

    2.8 Identifying Loss of Sonic Boost by Sound 31

    2.9 Identifying Air Leaks 32

    2.10 Air Leaks in Flanges 34

    2.11 Vacuum Measurement Units 35

    3 Tabulation of Vacuum System Malfunctions 39

    3.1 Tidal Flop in Delaware 40

    3.2 Critical Discharge Pressure 43

    3.3 Fouling in Final Condenser 43

    3.4 Reduction in Back Pressure 45

    3.5 Loss of LVGO Pan Level 45

    3.6 Variations in Cooling Water Temperature 47

    3.7 Multi-Component Malfunctions 50

    3.8 Partial Tabulation of Vacuum System Malfunctions 51

    4 Effect of Water Partial Pressure on Jet Efficiency 55

    4.1 Vapor Pressure of Water Limits Vacuum 56

    4.2 Reminder about Water Partial Pressure 59

    4.3 Air Leaks in Steam Turbine Surface Condensers 59

    4.4 Variable Cooling Water Temperature 60

    4.5 Loss of Sonic Boost 60

    4.6 Relative Jet Efficiency 62

    4.7 Definition of "Vacuum Breaking" 63

    4.8 Critical Discharge Pressure Exceeded 64

    5 Air Leaks 67

    5.1 Upper Explosive Limits 67

    5.2 How to Find Air Leaks 68

    5.3 Diffuser Air Leaks 69

    5.4 Air Leaks on Vacuum Towers 70

    5.5 Air Leaks in Heater Transfer Lines 71

    5.6 Air Leaks - Turbine Mechanical Seal 72

    6 Sources and Disposal of Hydrocarbon Off-Gas 75

    6.1 Evolution of Cracked Gas 75

    6.2 Sources of Cracked Gas 78

    6.3 Cracked Gas Evolution from Boot 80

    6.4 Air Equivalent 81

    6.5 Overloading Vacuum Jets 84

    6.6 Excess Cracked Gas Flow 85

    6.7 Field Checking Gas Flow Meter in Vacuum Service 85

    6.8 Surging 3rd Stage Jet Bogs Down Primary Jet 89

    6.9 Exchanger Leaks Overloads Jets 90

    6.10 Poor Vacuum Tower Feed Stripping 92

    6.11 Level Connection Purges and Pump Mechanical Seal Gas 94

    6.12 Effect of Heater Outlet Temperature 95

    6.13 Extracting H2S from Vacuum Tower Off-Gas Upstream of Ejectors 97

    6.14 Disposal of Seal Drum Off-Gas 99

    6.15 Fouling of Waste Gas Burner 100

    7 Motive Steam Conditions 101

    7.1 Effect of Wet Steam 102

    7.2 Water in Motive Steam 103

    7.3 The Tale of Weak Steam 104

    7.4 Internal Freezing of Steam Nozzle 105

    7.5 High Pressure, Superheated Motive Steam 108

    7.6 Effect of Moisture Content of Saturated Steam on Temperature 108

    7.7 Steam Pressure Affects Vacuum 109

    7.8 Effect of Superheated Steam 111

    8 Mechanical Defects of Ejectors 113

    8.1 Steam Nozzle Testing 113

    8.2 Other Mechanical Defects of Jets 114

    8.3 Fouled Steam Nozzles 117

    8.4 Diffuser Erosion 118

    8.5 Repair of Ejector Body 119

    8.6 Changing Worn Steam Nozzles 119

    8.7 Restoring Critical Flow 120

    9 Condenser Fouling and Cleaning 123

    9.1 Fouling Mechanism in Condensers for Refinery Vacuum Towers 123

    9.2 Fouling Due to Chemical Additives 124

    9.3 Minimizing Condenser Fouling in Vacuum Towers 125

    9.4 Fouled Pre-condenser 126

    9.5 Fixed Tube Sheet Condensers 128

    9.6 Cleaning Condensers On-Stream 129

    9.7 Optimum Condenser Bundle Configuration 130

    9.8 Chemically Cleaning Condensers 130

    9.9 Ball Cleaning Condenser Tubes 131

    9.10 Corrosion Control by Better Desalting 132

    10 Pressure Control of Vacuum Towers 135

    10.1 Positive Feedback Loop 141

    11 Condenser Cooling Water Flow 143

    11.1 Cooling Water Flow Configuration 143

    11.2 Air Evolving from Cooling Water Reduces Cooling Water Flow 145

    11.3 Cooling Water Pressure to Surface Condensers 148

    11.4 Tube Leaks 149

    12 Condensate Back-Up in Condensers 151

    12.1 Undersized Condenser Drain Nozzle 153

    12.2 Seal Drum Level Indication 155

    12.3 Leaking Gauge Glass on Surface Condenser Boot 157

    12.4 Condensate Pump Cavitation Due to Air Leaks 161

    12.5 Condensate Back-Up in Surface Condenser Boot 162

    12.6 Experiment with Condensate Back-Up 165

    12.7 Condensate Back-Up 166

    13 Seal Leg Drainage 169

    13.1 Sludge Accumulation in Seal Drum 169

    13.2 Seal Leg Leak Inside Seal Drum 171

    13.3 Seal Leg Flange Leak Outside Seal Drum 174

    13.4 Seal Leg Design 177

    13.5 Inadequate Seal Leg Length for Hydrocarbons 180

    13.6 Inadequate Seal Leg Capacity 182

    13.7 High Back-Pressure from Seal Drum 183

    13.8 Detecting Condensate Back-Up in Seal Legs 184

    13.9 Condensate Back-Up Due to Air Leak in Barometric Drain Line 186

    13.10 Seal Drum Design 188

    13.11 Seal Drum Fills with Corrosive Deposits 189

    13.12 Seal Drum Design Tips 193

    13.13 An Unfortunate Incident 194

    14 Other Types of Vacuum Equipment 197

    14.1 Hogging Jets 197

    14.2 Use of Hogging Jet on Surface Condenser 198

    14.3 Liquid Seal Ring Compressors 200

    14.4 Gas Ejectors 202

    14.5 Liquid Ejectors 203

    14.6 Ejector Compression Efficiency 204

    15 Air Baffle and Impingement Plate in Surface Condensers 205

    15.1 Mechanical Configuration of Seal Strips 206

    15.2 Corroded Brass Seal Strips 208

    15.3 Air or Vapor Baffle Leak 208

    15.4 Identifying Defective Seal Strips 209

    15.5 Air Baffle Clearance 211

    15.6 Fouling Mechanism in Vacuum Tower Surface Condensers 212

    15.7 Surface Condenser Impingement Plate 212

    15.8 Oversized Impingement Plate 214

    15.9 Impingement Plates as Vapor Distributors 215

    16 Optimizing Vacuum Tower Operation 217

    16.1 Steam to Heater Passes 218

    16.2 LVGO Pan Level Loss Causes a Loss in Vacuum 220

    16.3 Carry-Over of LVGO Pumparound Spray 226

    16.4 Optimizing Vacuum Tower Top Temperature 227

    16.5 Plugged Vacuum Tower Top Demister 229

    16.6 Bypassing Primary Ejector 232

    17 Frequently Asked Questions 233

    17.1 Vacuum Systems 233

    The Norm Lieberman DVD/Video Library 243

    Index 247