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Produktbild: Dunes

Dunes Dynamics, Morphology, History

Aus der Reihe RGS-IBG Book Series

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

28.05.2013

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

236

Maße (L/B/H)

22,6/15,2/1,5 cm

Gewicht

314 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4443-3968-0

Beschreibung

Rezension

"This is a terrific read for both specialists and nonspecialists. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners." ( Choice , 1 February 2014)

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

28.05.2013

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

236

Maße (L/B/H)

22,6/15,2/1,5 cm

Gewicht

314 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4443-3968-0

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  • Produktbild: Dunes
  • List of Figures xi

    Acknowledgements xv

    Introduction 1

    Part One <10 m2; <10 years 5

    1 Wind and Sand 7

    Wind versus Bed 7

    The Law of the Wall 8

    Improving the wind/bed model 9

    Lift-Off 12

    Holding down by gravity 12

    Holding down by cohesion 12

    Raising by lift 13

    Raising by drag 13

    Raising by bombardment 14

    Thresholds 14

    Grain size 16

    The slope of the bed 17

    The dynamics of water content 17

    Crusts 19

    Pellets 20

    Sand in Motion 20

    Saltation 20

    Streamers and other medium-scale patterns of saltating sand 22Reptation 22

    Creep 23

    Other near-surface activity 23

    Suspension 24

    The vertical distribution of load and grain size 24

    The saturation length 24

    The fetch effect 26

    The response of a loose bed to erosion by the wind 27

    The Transport Rate 27

    Shapes, densities and mixtures of size 29

    Hard surfaces 30

    Rough surfaces 30

    Moisture, temperature and humidity 31

    Rain 31

    References 31

    2 Ripples 32

    Subtypes 35

    Models 36

    Flow response 36

    Gravity wave 36

    Saltation length 37

    Shadow zone 37

    Mathematical 37

    Pattern 38

    3 The Form and Behaviour of Free Dunes 39

    Definitions 39

    Early Stages 39

    Start 39

    Minimum size 40

    The Profile of a Fully Grown Dune 41

    Toe 41

    Windward slope (or 'stoss slope') 43

    Crest 45

    Lee slope 46

    Movement 53

    Turnover time, bulk transport 56

    Size 56

    Flow-hierarchy models 57

    Grain-size models 57

    The time/supply model 58

    References 58

    Part Two 1000 to 10,000 m2; 100 to 1000 years 59

    4 Pattern in Free Dunes 61

    Definitions 61

    Wind-Directional Regimes 62

    Global winds 62

    Local wind systems 62

    The Classification of Wind-Directional Regimes 65

    Wind-Directional Regimes and Dune Pattern 66

    Transverse Dunes 66

    Two-dimensional pattern: vertical and downwind 67

    Two-dimensional pattern: horizontal and transverse to the wind 68

    Self-organisation 69

    Barchans 71

    Quasi-transverse patterns 75

    Linear Dunes 80

    Introduction 80

    Models of formation 82

    Sand Sheets 88

    Dunes with Distinctive Sand 90

    Gravel dunes 90

    Zibars 91

    Clay dunes 92

    Lunettes 92

    Gypsum dunes 93

    Diatomite sands 93

    Volcanic sands 93

    Snow and ice dunes 94

    Niveo-aeolian deposits 94

    References 94

    5 Forced Dunes 96

    Dunes Built around Bluff Obstacles 96

    Climbing and echo dunes 96

    Flanking and lee dunes 97

    Cliff-top and falling dunes 99

    Dunes on Gently Sloping Terrain 99

    Reference 99

    6 Dunes and Plants 100

    Wind, Sand and Plants 100

    Rigid objects 100

    Spatial pattern 101

    Porosity 102

    Flexibility 102

    Plants as living things 103

    The broader time/space framework 104

    Dunes among Plants 104

    Nebkhas 104

    Blowouts 107

    Parabolic dunes 109

    References 111

    7 Coastal Dunes 112

    Coastal Dunes and Climate 112

    The Beach-Dune System 114

    Exclusively Coastal Dunes 117

    Embryo dunes 117

    Fore-dunes ('frontal dunes' or 'retention ridges') 118

    Tsunamis 120

    Coastal sand sheets 120

    References 121

    >0.3 mm; <2,200,000,000 years 123

    8 Sand Seas 125

    Terms 125

    Large Sand Seas 127

    Growth and Development 127

    Sand Seas in Tectonic Basins 129

    Topographically Unconfined Sand Seas 131

    Transfer between Sand Seas 133

    9 A History of Dune Sand 134

    Provenance 134

    Recycling 137

    Maturation 139

    Mineralogy 139

    Size characteristics 141

    Shape and surface texture 141

    Redness 144

    Relationships between Dune Fields and the Sources of Their Sand 145

    Source-bordering dune fields 145

    Dune fields that have migrated away from their source 145

    Sand seas that have taken sand from many local sources 146

    The Australian sand seas and some aeolian sandstones 146

    References 146

    10 A History of Inland Dunes 147

    Very Ancient Dunes: Siliceous Windblown Sandstones 147

    The Emergence of Familiar Spatial and Dynamic Patterns 151

    Dune Historiography 153

    Dating 153

    Dune-building environments 156

    The long-term development of sand seas: sediment state 160

    Quaternary Dune-Building Climates 160

    Dunes in the Early- and Mid-Pleistocene 162

    Late Pleistocene Dunes 163

    The main theatres of dune formation in the Late Pleistocene 165

    Dunes in the Holocene 175

    The deglaciated North 176

    The mid-latitudes 177

    The semi-arid tropics 178

    The present deserts 178

    References 179

    11 A History of Coastal Dunes 181

    Long Sequences 181

    Sea Level 181

    Other Controls 182

    Calcareous Aeolianite 184

    Reference 185

    12 Mars, Venus, Titan 186

    Similarities 186

    Differences 187

    Sand 188

    Ripples and Transverse Aeolian Ridges 190

    Dunes 191

    Mars 191

    Venus 194

    Titan 194

    Reference 195

    Part Four Care 197

    13 Local, Short-Term Care (<1000 m2; <10 years) 199

    Dunes in Deserts 199

    Folk science 199

    New approaches 200

    Stabilised Dunes in Semi-Arid Areas 204

    Coastal Dunes 204

    References 207

    >100,000 m2; >10 years) 208

    Constraints 208

    Complexity 208

    Uncertainty 210

    Environmental change 210

    Sustainability 211

    Coastal dunes 211

    Stabilised inland dunes 212

    References 213

    Index 214