Tables and Figures ix
 
Preface xvii
 
The Authors xix
 
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1
 
Review of Foundational Research Concepts 3
 
Review of Foundational Statistical Information 6
 
The Normal Distribution 14
 
Chapter 2 Logical Steps of Conducting Quantitative Research: Hypothesis-Testing Process 29
 
Hypothesis-Testing Process 30
 
Chapter 3 Maximizing Hypothesis Decisions Using Power Analysis 39
 
Balance between Avoiding Type I and Type II Errors 41
 
Chapter 4 Research and Statistical Designs 53
 
Formulating Experimental Conditions 54
 
Reducing the Imprecision in Measurement 55
 
Controlling Extraneous Experimental Influences 57
 
Internal Validity and Experimental Designs 59
 
Choosing a Statistic to Use for an Analysis 67
 
Chapter 5 Introduction to IBM SPSS 20 77
 
The IBM SPSS 20 Data View Screen 80
 
Naming and Defining Variables in Variable View 80
 
Entering Data 86
 
Examples of Basic Analyses 87
 
Examples of Modifying Data Procedures 96
 
Chapter 6 Diagnosing Study Data for Inaccuracies and Assumptions 99
 
Research Example 100
 
Chapter 7 Randomized Design Comparing Two Treatments and a Control Using a One-Way Analysis of Variance 129
 
Research Problem 130
 
Study Variables 131
 
Research Design 133
 
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 135
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 136
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 137
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 138
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 143
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 144
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 162
 
Formula Calculations of the Study Results 166
 
Chapter 8 Repeated-Treatment Design Using a Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 183
 
Research Problem 184
 
Study Variables 185
 
Research Design 186
 
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 189
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 190
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 191
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 192
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 195
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 196
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 216
 
Formula Calculations of the Study Results 218
 
Chapter 9 Randomized Factorial Experimental Design Using a Factorial ANOVA 231
 
Research Problem 232
 
Study Variables 232
 
Research Design 233
 
Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Questions 237
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 238
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 240
 
Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of R