Troubleshooting Windows 2000 TCP/IP

Preface

Chapter 1: TCP/IP Overview

Introduction

TCP/IP's "Net" Worth

More Power, More Flexibility-and More Potential for Problems

What's Ahead in This Chapter

TCP/IP: Where It Came From, and Where It's Going

History of the TCP/IP Protocols

The Future of TCP/IP

Networking Models

The Purpose of the Models

The ISO OSI Model

The DoD Model

The Microsoft Windows 2000 Networking Model

A Family of Protocols: The TCP/IP Suite

Application Layer Protocols

Transport Layer Protocols

Network Layer Protocols

TCP/IP Utilities

Basic Network Design

Planning as Preventative Medicine

Testing and Implementation

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 2: Setting up a Windows 2000 TCP/IP Network

Introduction

Designing a New Windows 2000 TCP/IP Network

The Planning Team

Planning the Hardware Configurations

Planning the Physical Layout

Planning for Sites

Planning the Namespace

Planning the Addressing Scheme

Installing and Configuring Windows 2000 TCP/IP

Installing TCP/IP on a Windows 2000 Computer

Upgrading to Windows 2000 from Windows NT 4.0

The Windows NT Domain Models

Other Pre-Upgrade Issues

Common Upgrade Problems

Migrating to Windows 2000 from Novell NetWare

Understanding the NetWare Implementation of TCP/IP

Premigration Issues

Common Migration Problems

Migrating to Windows 2000 from UNIX

Understanding the UNIX Implementation of TCP/IP

Peaceful Coexistence: The Hybrid Network Environment

NetWare Interoperability

UNIX Interoperability

Interoperability with IBM Mainframe Networks

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 3: General Windows 2000 TCP/IP Troubleshooting Guidelines

Introduction

The Ten Commandments of Troubleshooting

1: Know Thy Network

2: Use the Tools of the Trade

3: Take It One Change at a Time

4: Isolate the Problem

5: Recreate the Problem

6: Don't Overlook the Obvious

7: Try the Easy Way First

8: Document What You Do

9: Practice the Art of Patience

10: Seek Help from Others

Windows 2000 Troubleshooting Resources

Microsoft Documentation

Third-Party Documentation

General Troubleshooting Models

Differential Diagnosis Model

SARA Model

Putting the Models to Work for You

The Information-Gathering Phase

Questions to Ask

Log Files

Tools of the Trade

The Problem Isolation Phase

Organizing and Analyzing the Information

Setting Priorities

Taking Corrective Measures

One Change at a Time

Order of Implementation

Monitoring Results

Using Forms and Check lists

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 4: Windows 2000 TCP/IP Internals

Introduction

RFC Compliance

Enhancements to the TCP/IP Stack in Windows 2000

RFC 1323: TCP Extensions for High Performance

RFC 2018: SACK (Selective Acknowledgment)

RFC 1577: IP over ATM

RFC 2001: TCP Fast Retransmit

RFCs 2211 and 2212: Quality of Service

RFC 2205: Resource Reservation Protocol

IPSec

NDIS.

Inside the Windows 2000 Internet Protocol (IP)

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Multihoming

IP Multicasting

Duplicate IP Address Detection

Inside the Windows 2000 Transport Protocols (TCP and UDP)

Transmission Control Protocol

User Datagram Protocol

Understanding TCP/IP Registry Settings

Using the Registry Editing Tools

Configuring TCP/IP Behavior through the Registry

Registry Settings that Should Not Be Edited

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 5: Using Network Monitoring and Troubleshooting Tools in Windows 2000

Introduction

Windows 2000 Monitoring Tools

Basic Monitoring Guidelines

Performance Logs and Alerts

Network Monitor

Event Viewer

Using TCP/IP Utilities

PING

nslookup

PATHPING

tracert

ARP

ipconfig

netstat and nbtstat

netdiag

SNMP

Network Management Programs

Microsoft Systems Management Server

NTManage

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 6: Troubleshooting Windows 2000 NetBIOS Name Resolution Problems

Introduction to Name Resolution Services

NetBIOS Name Resolution

Windows 2000 Methods of NetBIOS Name Resolution

The Order of NetBIOS Resolution

The Windows 2000 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)

NetBIOS Name Registration

NetBIOS Name Query Request

NetBIOS Name Release

WINS Proxy Agents

WINS Configuration Issues

Static Mappings

WINS Replication

WINS Partner Autodiscovery

WINS Network Topologies

Windows 2000 WINS Enhancements

Is WINS Ever Going to Go Away?

Troubleshooting Common NetBIOS Communication Problems

Summary

Don't Multihome Your WINS Server

Use a WINS Proxy Agent on Segments with non-WINS Clients

Avoid Static Records in the WINS Database

Define Replication Partners Based on Link Factors

Avoid Split Registration

Use the Hub and Spoke Model in Multisite Environments

Configure DNS Servers to Resolve NetBIOS Names

Don't Multihome Master Browsers

Use Manual Tombstoning Instead of Deleting Records

Consider the Ramifications before Disabling NetBT

FAQs

Chapter 7: Troubleshooting Windows 2000 DNS Problems

Introduction

The Difference between NetBIOS Names and Host Names

Flat Versus Hierarchical Namespace

NetBIOS on a TCP/IP Network

Characteristics of Host Names

The Domain Name System

A Hierarchical Naming System

Fully Qualified Domain Names

Host Name Resolution

Name Resolution Sequence

Sending the DNS Query to a DNS Server

UNC Paths and DNS Queries

Qualified versus Unqualified Names

Host Name Resolution via WINS Lookups

Naming Conventions and Issues

Windows 2000 Support for RFC 2181

Domain Naming Schemes and Implementation Problems

Same Intranet and Internet Domain Name

Different Intranet and Internet Domain Names

Corporate Mergers and Domain Management

DNS Zone Design and Troubleshooting

Standard Zones

Zone Transfer

Reverse Lookup Zones

Active Directory Integrated Zones

Zone Delegations

Special Troubleshooting Issues with Windows 2000 DDNS Servers

DNS Security and Internet Intruders

Solving WINS Client Ambiguity with WINS Lookup Zones

Interoperability Problems

Troubleshooting Tools for Windows 2000 DDNS Servers

nslookup

ipconfig

Event Viewer

Network Monitor

DNS Trace Logs

Performance

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 8: Troubleshooting Windows 2000 IP Addressing Problems

Introduction

How IP Addressing Works

Private versus Public Addresses

How IP Addresses Are Used in Network Communications

A Map for the Mail Carrier

Putting It All Together

Overview: IP Addressing Configuration Errors

Duplicate IP Addresses

Invalid IP Addresses

DHCP Configuration Problems

Common DHCP Problems

Automatic Addressing (APIPA)

Hardware Address Problems

Troubleshooting Subnetting Problems

Why Divide the Network?

Subnets

Subnet Masks

Tricking IP

Making the Mask

Errors in Subnet Masking

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 9: Troubleshooting Remote Access in a Windows 2000 TCP/IP Network

Introduction

Overview of Windows 2000 Remote Access Services

Types of Remote Access

Establishing a Remote Access Connection

The Remote Access Protocols

Preventing Problems Related to the WAN Protocol

Understanding Encapsulation

Tools for Troubleshooting PPP Connections

Troubleshooting Remote Access Configuration Problems

Remote Access Server Problems

Client Configuration Problems

Troubleshooting Remote Access Policy Problems

Troubleshooting NAT and ICS Configuration Problems

The Difference between ICS and NAT

Common NAT Configuration Problems

Troubleshooting VPN Connectivity Problems

The Tunneling Protocols

Troubleshooting VPN Connections

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 10: Troubleshooting Windows 2000 Connectivity Problems at the Network Interface Level

Introduction

Problems with

Network Interface Card Configuration

The Role of the NIC

Types of NICs

Driver Issues

Problems with Cable and Other Network Media

Network Cable Specifications

Cable Length Issues

The Role of Network Connectivity Devices

Understanding Layer 1 and 2 Connectivity Devices

Understanding Upper-Layer Connectivity Devices

Troubleshooting Layer 1 and 2 Connectivity Devices

Problems with Repeaters and Hubs

The 5-4-3 Rule

Passive, Active, and Intelligent Hubs

Problems with Bridges

Performance Problems

Network Monitoring Problems

Selecting a Connectivity Device

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 11: Troubleshooting Windows 2000 Connectivity Problems at the Internetwork Level

Introduction

A Routing Example

IP Routing Overview

Routing Fundamentals

Routing Interfaces

Routing Tables

Simple Routing Scenario

The Windows 2000 Router

Routing Protocols

How Static Routing Works

The Dynamic Routing Protocols

Windows 2000 as an IP Router

Installing Routing Protocols

Windows 2000 Router Management Tools

Router Configuration

Preconfiguration Check List

Configuring Windows 2000 Static IP Routing

Configuring RIP for IP

Configuring OSPF

Windows 2000 Router Logging

Troubleshooting Common Windows 2000 Routing Problems

Troubleshooting Static Routing

Troubleshooting RIP for IP

Troubleshooting OSPF

Resetting the Windows 2000 Router

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 12: Troubleshooting Selected Services on a Windows 2000 TCP/IP Network

Introduction

Troubleshooting IIS Problems

Log Files

Troubleshooting Web Server Problems

Troubleshooting FTP Server Problems

Troubleshooting NNTP Server Problems

Using Event Viewer for NNTP Troubleshooting

Common NNTP Problems

Summary

FAQs

Chapter 13: Windows 2000 TCP/IP Fast Track

Introduction

TCP/IP: What It Is (and Isn't)

TCP/IP History and Future in a Nutshell

Where TCP/IP Fits into the Networking Models

The Members of the Suite

Network Design and Planning Issues

Design and Setup of a Windows 2000 Network

Special Considerations for Windows 2000 Networks

Special Considerations when Upgrading from NT 4.0

Special Considerations when Migrating from NetWare

Special Considerations when Migrating from UNIX

Hybrid Networks

General Troubleshooting Guidelines

Troubleshooting Resources

Troubleshooting Models

Information-Gathering Tips

Organizing Information

Forms and Check Lists

Inside TCP/IP

Windows 2000 Enhancements

Inside IP

Inside TCP and UDP

TCP/IP Registry Settings

Network Monitoring Tools

Monitoring Guidelines

Performance Logs and Alerts

Network Monitor

Event Viewer

TCP/IP Utilities

Name Resolution Problems

WINS and NetBIOS Name Resolution

DNS and Host Name Resolution

IP Addressing Issues

The IP Address

How IP Addresses Are Assigned

ARP

Common IP Addressing Errors

Subnetting Problems

Remote Access Connectivity

Remote Access Versus Remote Control

Remote Access Links

Remote Access Protocols

RRAS Configuration Problems

NAT and ICS

Virtual Private Networking (VPN)

The Network Interface Level

Connectivity Devices

The 5-4-3 Rule

The 80/20 Rule

Looping

The Internetwork Level

Routing Tables

Features of the Windows 2000 Router

Routing Protocols

Windows 2000 Router Logging

Selected Services

Site Logging

Web Server

FTP Server

NNTP Server

Summary

Appendix A: TCP/IP Troubleshooting Secrets

Lesser-Known Shortcuts

Finding the Consoles

Control the Index Server

Windows 2000 Telnet Client and Server

Under-Documented Features and Functions

The FTP Command Set

The nslookup Utility

Using ipconfig Switches

For Experts Only

The Future of IP Communications

IP Telephony

Planning the Transition to IPv

Securing IP: IPSec

Index