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Produktbild: Urban Water Security

Urban Water Security Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

24.03.2009

Herausgeber

Blanca Jimenez Cisneros + weitere

Verlag

Taylor & Francis

Seitenzahl

324

Maße (L/B/H)

24,4/17/1,9 cm

Gewicht

562 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-415-48567-8

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

24.03.2009

Herausgeber

Verlag

Taylor & Francis

Seitenzahl

324

Maße (L/B/H)

24,4/17/1,9 cm

Gewicht

562 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-415-48567-8

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Urban Water Security
  • 1 Introduction * 2 Drinking water – Potential health effects caused by wastewater disposal * 2.1 Introduction * 2.2 Direct and indirect wastewater reuse * 2.3 Microbiological risks * 2.3.1 Viruses * 2.3.2 Bacteria * 2.3.3 Protozoa * 2.3.4 Helminths * 2.4 Risk reduction of pathogens in drinking water * 2.5 Chemical risks * 2.6 Treated wastewater in surface waters * 2.7 The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water * 2.8 Risk management of microbial and chemical hazards * 2.9 Implementation of Water Safety Plans * 2.10 HACCP * 2.11 Hazard analysis * 2.12 Conclusions * 2.13 References * 3 Microbial health risks and water quality * 3.1 Introduction * 3.2 The traditional icons of waterborne disease * 3.2.1 Cholera * 3.2.2 Typhoid * 3.2.3 Hepatitis * 3.2.4 Generic diarrhoea * 3.3 Emerging diseases and zoonotic pathogens * 3.3.1 Cryptosporidium * 3.3.2 Cyclospora * 3.3.3 E. coli O157:H7 * 3.3.4 Helicobacter * 3.4 Risk assessment and control of waterborne pathogens * 3.4.1 Use of quantitative microbial risk assessment * 3.4.2 Interventions to reduce enteric diseases * 3.4.3 Vaccinations * 3.5 Conclusions and recommendations * 3.6 References * 4 Chemical health risks * 4.1 Introduction * 4.2 Human health risks * 4.2.1 An overview on exposure factors * 4.2.2 Human exposure in urban water cycle * 4.3 Risk sources and risk compounds in urban water cycle * 4.3.1 Releases to water * 4.3.2 Chemical compounds * 4.4 Inorganic chemical risk agents: Sources and human health diseases of concern * 4.4.1 Nitrates and nitrites * 4.4.2 Fluoride * 4.4.3 Toxic metals * 4.4.3.1 Arsenic * 4.4.3.2 Mercury * 4.4.3.3 Lead * 4.5 Organic chemical risk agents: Sources and human health diseases of concern * 4.5.1 Hydrocarbons compounds * 4.5.2 Chlorinated organic compounds * 4.5.2.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) * 4.5.2.2 Solvents * 4.5.2.3 Trihalomethanes (THMs) * 4.5.3 Pesticides * 4.5.4 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) * 4.5.5 New chemicals * 4.6 Chemical risks in urban cities in developed countries * 4.6.1 Fluoride * 4.6.1.1 China * 4.6.1.2 Japan * 4.6.1.3 United States of America * 4.6.2 Arsenic (As) * 4.6.2.1 Canada * 4.6.2.2 China * 4.6.2.3 United States of America * 4.6.3 Mercury * 4.6.3.1 Canada Arctic * 4.6.3.2 China * 4.6.3.3 Japan * 4.6.3.4 United States of America * 4.6.4 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) * 4.6.4.1 Netherlands * 4.6.4.2 United States of America * 4.6.5 Trihalomethanes (THMs) * 4.6.5.1 Alaska * 4.6.5.2 Canada * 4.6.5.3 United Kingdom * 4.6.5.4 United States of America * 4.6.6 New chemicals * 4.7 Chemical risks in urban cities in developing countries * 4.7.1 Fluoride * 4.7.1.1 Brazil * 4.7.1.2 Ethiopia * 4.7.1.3 India * 4.7.1.4 Kenya * 4.7.1.5 Mexico * 4.7.1.6 Saudi Arabia * 4.7.1.7 South Africa * 4.7.1.8 Turkey * 4.7.1.9 United Republic of Tanzania * 4.7.2 Arsenic (As) * 4.7.2.1 Argentina * 4.7.2.2 Bangladesh – West Bengal, India * 4.7.2.3 Chile * 4.7.2.4 Mexico * 4.7.2.5 Taiwan * 4.7.2.6 Thailand * 4.7.2.7 Vietnam * 4.7.3 Mercury (Hg) * 4.7.3.1 Brazil * 4.7.3.2 Philippines * 4.7.3.3 South Africa * 4.7.4 Trihalomethanes (THMs) * 4.7.4.1 Greece * 4.7.4.2 Malaysia * 4.7.4.3 Mexico * 4.7.4.4 Turkey * 4.7.5 Pesticides * 4.7.5.1 Brazil * 4.7.5.2 Egypt * 4.7.5.3 South Africa * 4.8 Chemical risk management in urban water cycle * 4.8.1 Chemical risks identification in urban water cycle * 4.8.1.1 Drinking water * 4.8.1.2 Other water-related chemical risks * 4.8.2 Vulnerability and variability * 4.8.3 Urban water policy * 4.9 References * 5 Risk Management on the urban water cycle. Climate change risks * 5.1 Introduction * 5.1.1 Global climate change * 5.1.2 Global climate change and hydrological cycle * 5.1.3 Mitigation of GHG emissions * 5.2 Water in an urbanized world * 5.2.1 Water scarcity * 5.3 Impacts and risks * 5.3.1 Water availability and glacial melt * 5.3.2 Sea level rise and extreme events * 5.3.3 Water quality * 5.3.4 Changes in the past decades related to global climate change * 5.3.5 Risks for urban settlements * 5.4 Adaptation and integration of climate change into urban water resource management * 5.4.1 Adaptation and sustainable development * 5.4.2 Planning under uncertainties * 5.4.3 Supply and demand options * 5.4.4 Urban water management * 5.4.5 Poverty and equity * 5.4.6 International aid * 5.5 Conclusions * 5.6 References * 6 Water source and drinking water risk management * 6.1 Introduction * 6.2 Security, reliability and risk * 6.3 Uncertainty, threats and effects * 6.4 Prevention, mitigation and resolution * 6.5 Scarcity and drought, an operational example * 6.6 Conclusions and recommendations * 6.6.1 Methodological considerations * 6.6.2 Operational considerations * 7 Wastewater risks in the urban water cycle * 7.1 Introduction * 7.2 Pollutant sources * 7.2.1 Point sources * 7.2.1.1 Municipal wastewater * 7.2.1.2 Industrial wastewater * 7.2.1.3 Stormwater * 7.2.2 Non-point pollutant sources * 7.2.2.1 Urban infrastructure * 7.2.2.2 Urban activities * 7.2.2.3 Disposal practices * 7.2.2.4 Other sources * 7.3 Pollutants involved * 7.3.1 Conventional parameters * 7.3.2 Biological pollutants * 7.3.3 Emerging pollutants * 7.3.3.1 Content in water * 7.3.3.2 Content in surface and groundwater * 7.4 Management * 7.4.1 Changing the concept of pollution sources * 7.4.2 Gathering useful information * 7.4.3 Monitoring campaigns * 7.4.4 Water sources management * 7.4.4.1 Groundwater * 7.4.4.2 Surface water * 7.4.5 Pollutant management * 7.4.5.1 Biological pollutants * 7.4.5.2 Chemical compounds * 7.4.6 Urban infrastructure and urban activities * 7.4.7 Climate change * 7.4.8 Education and research * 7.5 Treatment * 7.5.1 Biological pollutants * 7.5.2 Emerging pollutants * 7.5.3 Criteria for selecting wastewater treatment processes * 7.6 Wastewater disposal * 7.6.1 Soil disposal * 7.6.1.1 Soil disposal and aquifer storage * 7.6.1.2 Soil disposal and agriculture * 7.6.2 Disposal in water bodies * 7.6.2.1 Eutrophication * 7.6.2.2 Coupling wastewater disposal with water reuse * 7.7 Conclusions * 7.8 References * 8 Risks associated with biosolids reuse in agriculture * 8.1 Introduction * 8.2 Nutrient and agronomic value * 8.3 Microbiological quality * 8.4 Potentially toxic elements * 8.5 Organic contaminants * 8.6 Conclusions * 8.7 References * 9 ‘Closing the Urban Water Cycle’ integrated approach towards water reuse in Windhoek, Namibia * 9.1 Introduction * 9.2 Water sources in Windhoek * 9.2.1 Conventional water sources * 9.3 Reuse options implemented in Windhoek * 9.4 Future water supply augmentation to Windhoek * 9.5 Various process modifications from 1968 to 1995 * 9.6 Process design for the new Goreangab water reclamation plant * 9.6.1 Summary * 9.6.2 Raw water quality profile * 9.6.3 Determination of treatment objectives * 9.6.4 The multiple-barrier concept * 9.6.5 Experiments and pilot studies to determine process design criteria * 9.7 Selection of final process train * 9.8 Operational experience to date * 9.9 Water quality and monitoring * 9.10 Quality concerns with the present process configuration * 9.11 Cost considerations * 9.12 Public acceptance of direct potable reuse * 9.13 New research and development options * 9.13.1 Process related refinements * 9.13.2 Quality control * 9.13.3 Health * 9.14 Conclusion * 9.15 References * 10 Reducing risk from wastewater use in urban farming – a case study of Accra, Ghana * 10.1 Introduction * 10.2 The case of Accra * 10.2.1 Urban water use and wastewater management * 10.2.2 Irrigated urban vegetable farming * 10.2.3 Irrigation water quality * 10.2.4 Quality of vegetables in urban markets in Accra * 10.2.5 Numbers of consumers at risk * 10.2.6 Risk assessment to farmers and consumers * 10.3 Risk reduction measures * 10.3.1 Explore alternative farmland, tenure security and safer water sources * 10.3.2 Promote safer irrigation methods * 10.3.3 Influence the choice of crops grown * 10.3.4 Avoid post-harvest contamination * 10.3.5 Assist post-harvest decontamination * 10.3.6 Improve institutional coordination to develop integrated policies * 10.4 Conclusions * 10.5 References * 11 Drinking water – potential health effects caused by infiltration of pollutants from solid waste landfills * 11.1 Introduction * 11.2 Pollutants in landfill leachates * 11.3 The exposure pathways and mechanisms * 11.4 Cases * 11.5 Conclusions * 11.6 References * 12 Exploding sewers: the industrial use and abuse of municipal sewers, and reducing the risk – the experience of Louisville, Kentucky US * 12.1 Introduction * 12.2 The hexa-octa incident * 12.3 The sewer explosions * 12.4 Industrial waste and hazardous spills * 12.5 About the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) * 12.6 Reasons for doing permitting and pretreatment compliance programmes * 12.7 Components of the permitting and pretreatment compliance programme * 12.7.1 Commercial/industrial process plan review * 12.7.2 Permits * 12.7.3 Unusual discharge requests (UDR) * 12.7.4 Industrial inspections * 12.7.5 Sampling and monitoring * 12.7.6 Compliance and enforcement * 12.8 Chemical spill prevention and response – The hazardous materials incident response team * 12.9 Sampling and monitoring to reduce risk – the collection system monitoring programme * 12.9.1 Data management and computerization * 12.10 Conclusions: need for strong local programmes to reduce risk * 12.11 References * 13 Lessons learned: a response and recovery framework for post-disaster scenarios * 13.1 Introduction * 13.1.1 Background * 13.1.2 Rationale * 13.1.3 Objectives * 13.1.4 Methodology * 13.1.5 General principles * 13.2 Response and recovery framework * 13.2.1 General guidelines * 13.2.2 Immediate aftermath (0–7 Days) * 13.2.3 Short term (next 60 days) * 13.2.4 Medium term (next 3–12 months) * 13.3 Conclusion * 13.4 References * 14 Managing urban water risks: Managing drought and climate change risks in Australia * 14.1 Introduction * 14.2 Managing drought risks * 14.3 Adapting to climate change impacts * 14.3.1 Climate change forecasts * 14.3.2 Modelling of impacts * 14.3.3 Water reforms and environmental flows * 14.3.4 Climate change impacts * 14.3.5 Adapting with water savings and water reuse * 14.4 Adaptation case study * 14.4.1 The Sydney water system * 14.4.2 The Sydney Metropolitan Water Plan 2006 * 14.4.3 Managing drought risks * 14.4.4 Enhanced stochastic analyses * 14.4.5 Economic analyses * 14.4.6 Another example * 14.5 Additional drought security issues * 14.5.1 Drought severity * 14.5.2 Hindcasting * 14.5.3 Starting storage * 14.5.4 Demand variability * 14.5.5 Demand hardening * 14.5.6 Building diverse water portfolios * 14.6 Conclusions * 14.7 References *