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Essential Guide to Blood Groups is the only pocket sized guide to provide essential information on blood group systems. The main aim of the blood transfusion laboratory is to promote safe blood transfusion. The avoidance of errors, from sample receipt and laboratory testing through to the release of blood for transfusion, is of paramount importance. Knowledge of immunohaematology theory and its application to blood transfusion together with the principles of good laboratory practice are essential. This handbook helps to address these important issues and also covers: * the serology,…mehr
Essential Guide to Blood Groups is the only pocket sized guide to provide essential information on blood group systems. The main aim of the blood transfusion laboratory is to promote safe blood transfusion. The avoidance of errors, from sample receipt and laboratory testing through to the release of blood for transfusion, is of paramount importance. Knowledge of immunohaematology theory and its application to blood transfusion together with the principles of good laboratory practice are essential. This handbook helps to address these important issues and also covers: * the serology, inheritance, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of the most important blood group systems * their clinical importance * techniques used in blood grouping, troubleshooting, and quality assurance This unique and practical guide: * is written by leaders in the field, including the author of the best seller Human Blood Groups * provides the basic knowledge of blood groups needed by all those working in the important fields of transfusion medicine and science. * helps in resolving commonly encountered problems Essential Guide to Blood Groups will be valuable for undergraduate medical laboratory scientists and for postgraduate scientists and medical practitioners training to specialise in transfusion and transplantation. As a pocket edition, it will also be a useful addition to other reference works on blood groups for quick access to information for medical practitioners and in red cell immunohaematology laboratories.
Geoff Daniels, Consultant Clinical Scientist and Head of Diagnostics, IBGRL, Bristol Institute for Transfusion Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK Imelda Bromilow, Scientific Consultant, Liverpool, UK
Inhaltsangabe
Abbreviations, xx
1 An introduction to blood groups
What is a blood group?
Blood group antibodies
Clinical importance of blood groups
Biological importance of blood groups
Blood group systems
Blood group terminology and classification
2 Techniques used in blood grouping
Factors affecting antigen-antibody reactions
Temperature
Time and ionic strength
Stages of haemagglutination reactions
Direct agglutination
Indirect agglutination
Elution techniques
Automation of test procedures
Flow cytometry
Molecular blood group genotyping
3 The ABO blood groups
Introduction
ABO antigens, antibodies, and inheritance
A1 and A2
Antigen, phenotype, and gene frequencies
ABO antibodies
Importance of the ABO system to transfusion and transplantation medicine
Biochemical nature of the ABO antigens
Biosynthesis of the ABO antigens and ABO molecular genetics
H, the precursor of A and B
ABH secretion
H-deficient red cells
Further complexities
Acquired changes
Associations with disease and functional aspects
4 The Rh blood group system
Introduction - Rh, not rhesus
Haplotypes, genotypes, and phenotypes
Biochemistry and molecular genetics
D antigen (RH1)
C, c, E, and e antigens (RH2, RH4, RH3, RH5)
Other Rh antigens
Rh-deficient phenotypes - Rhnull and Rhmod
Putative function of the Rh proteins and RhAG
5 Other blood groups
The Kell system
The Duffy system
The Kidd system
The MNS system
The Diego system
The Lewis system
Some other blood group systems
Antigens that do not belong to a blood group system
6 Clinical significance of blood group antibodies
Antibody production and structure
Factors affecting the clinical significance of antibodies
Haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR)
Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
Autoantibodies
Tests to assess the potential significance of an antibody
Decision-making for transfusion
7 Blood grouping from DNA
Fetal blood grouping
Blood group typing of patients and donors
Next generation sequencing
The future of blood group serology
8 Quality assurance in immunohaematology
Achieving total quality
Frequency and specificity of control material
Quality requirements for safe transfusion practice
Checklist of critical control points
Laboratory errors, root cause analysis (RCA) and corrective and preventative action (CAPA)
9 Trouble-shooting and problem-solving in the reference laboratory
ABO grouping
Rh grouping
Problems in antibody screening, identification, and cross-matching