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Forensic medicine is a broad and evolving field with areas of rapid progress embracing both clinical and pathological aspects of practice, in which there may be considerable overlap. This is the second volume in a series that provides a unique, in-depth and critical update on selected topics of direct relevance to those practising in the field of clinical forensic medicine and related areas including lawyers, police, medical practitioners, forensic scientists, and students. The chapters endeavour to maintain a relevance to an international, multi-professional audience and include chapters on:…mehr
Forensic medicine is a broad and evolving field with areas of rapid progress embracing both clinical and pathological aspects of practice, in which there may be considerable overlap. This is the second volume in a series that provides a unique, in-depth and critical update on selected topics of direct relevance to those practising in the field of clinical forensic medicine and related areas including lawyers, police, medical practitioners, forensic scientists, and students. The chapters endeavour to maintain a relevance to an international, multi-professional audience and include chapters on: * DNA decontamination, * The toxicity of novel psychoactive substances, * The relevance of gastric contents in the timing of death, * The effects of controlled energy devices, * The main risk factors for driving impairment, * The risk factors for harm to health of detainees in short-term custody, * Autoerotic deaths, * Child maltreatment and neglect, and * The investigation of potential non-accidental head injury in children. Also included are chapters on excited delirium syndrome, automatism and personality disorders. Two topics not generally covered in standard clinical forensic medical textbooks include a forensic anthropological approach to body recovery in potential crimes against humanity and risk management and security issues for the forensic practitioner investigating potential crimes against humanity in a foreign country.
Dr John Gall is a consultant forensic physician. He is Director of Southern Medical Services Pty Ltd; Associate Professor in the Department of Paediatrics at The University of Melbourne; Consultant at the Victorian Forensic Paediatric Medical Service at the Royal Children's Hospital and Monash Medical Centre; President of the World Police Medical Officers; and Vice-President of the Australasian Association of Forensic Physicians. Jason Payne-James is a Consultant Forensic Physician & Specialist in Forensic & Legal Medicine. He is Honorary Consultant at the Paediatric & Emergency Medicine at St George's Hospital, London; Honorary Senior Lecturer at the Cameron Forensic Medical Sciences, Barts and the London SMD; President at the Faculty of Forensic & Legal Medicine (Royal College of Physicians); and Director of Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 DNA Contamination - a pragmatic clinical view Chapter 2 THE TOXICITY OF THE NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE Chapter 3 Post-Mortem Gastric Content Analysis: Role in Determining Time Since Death Chapter 4 CONDUCTED ENERGY DEVICES Chapter 5 Autoerotic Deaths Chapter 6 Excited Delirium Syndrome: Aetiology, Identification and Treatment Chapter 7 AUTOMATISM - WADING THROUGH THE QUAGMIRE Chapter 8 Classification of personality disorders, clinical manifestations and treatment Chapter 9 DRIVING IMPAIRMENT: THE MAIN RISK FACTORS Chapter 10 Risk Factors for Death or Harm to Health for Detainees in Short-Term Police Custody Chapter 11 THE UTILITY OF RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SUSPECTED ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA IN CHILDREN Chapter 12 Child maltreatment: detection and diagnosis Chapter 13 BODY RECOVERY IN POTENTIAL CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY INVESTIGATIONS - A FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH Chapter 14 FIELD MISSIONS Index
List of Contributors ix
Preface xix
Chapter One: DNA contamination - a pragmatic clinical view 1
Contamination considerations 1
DNA profiling 6
DNA deposits 10
Decontamination 11
General approach to DNA decontamination 20
Contamination 20
Cleaning and the DNA laboratory 22
Cleaning and decontamination of forensic examination suites - the way forward 26
References 31
Chapter Two: The toxicity of the novel psychoactive substances 35
Introduction 35
Acute toxicity 35
Chronic toxicity 40
Deaths 41
References 44
Chapter Three: Postmortem gastric content analysis: its role in determining time since death 47
Introduction 47
The physiology of gastric emptying 48
Gastric motility and emptying 49
Methods for measuring gastric emptying 52
Experimental studies 52
Factors affecting gastric emptying (in adults) 53
Analysis of gastric contents 56
Usefulness of gastric contents in time of death estimations 61
Conclusion 62
Acknowledgments 63
References 63
Chapter Four: Conducted energy devices 67
Overview 67
What are conducted energy devices? 67
Modes of use of the TASER(r) X26, TASER(r) X26P and TASER(r) X2 68
The electrical outputs of the TASER(r) X26, X26P and X2 68
Operationally exploited effects of TASER(r) CEDs: pain and neuromuscular incapacitation 70
Adverse effects associated with use of the TASER(r) X26 71
Conclusions 76
References 77
Chapter Five: Autoerotic deaths 81
Historical context 81
Definition 83
Incidence 85
Investigation of autoerotic deaths 86
Typical methods of autoerotic death 88
Atypical methods of autoerotic deaths 91
Typical and atypical victims 92
Summary 94
References 94
Chapter Six: Excited Delirium Syndrome: aetiology, identification and treatment 97
Introduction 97
Aetiology 101
Diagnosis 103
Initial approach and work?]up 104
Medication treatment options for ExDS 106
Supportive treatment 110
Conclusions 112
References 114
Chapter Seven: Automatism - wading through the quagmire 119
Introduction 119
Definitions of automatism 120
The law 121
Medical conditions capable, or possibly capable, of founding a defence of automatism 123
Sentencing and mitigation 134
Proposals for reform in England and Wales 135
Acknowledgments 135
Law reports 135
References 136
Chapter Eight: Classification of personality disorders, clinical manifestations and treatment 139
Introduction 139
What is personality disorder? 139
Dimensional or categorical diagnostic approaches? 141
Prevalence 142
The hybrid model 143
Assessment 143
Specific issues in forensic medicine settings 149
References 150
Chapter Nine: Driving impairment: the main risk factors 153
Introduction 153
Legislative approaches 155
Sobriety assessment 158
Specific drugs 162
Forensic specimens in drug driving cases 168
Medical conditions and fitness to drive 169
Sleep deprivation 171
Conclusions 172
References 172
Chapter Ten: Risk factors for death or harm to health for
List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 DNA Contamination - a pragmatic clinical view Chapter 2 THE TOXICITY OF THE NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE Chapter 3 Post-Mortem Gastric Content Analysis: Role in Determining Time Since Death Chapter 4 CONDUCTED ENERGY DEVICES Chapter 5 Autoerotic Deaths Chapter 6 Excited Delirium Syndrome: Aetiology, Identification and Treatment Chapter 7 AUTOMATISM - WADING THROUGH THE QUAGMIRE Chapter 8 Classification of personality disorders, clinical manifestations and treatment Chapter 9 DRIVING IMPAIRMENT: THE MAIN RISK FACTORS Chapter 10 Risk Factors for Death or Harm to Health for Detainees in Short-Term Police Custody Chapter 11 THE UTILITY OF RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SUSPECTED ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA IN CHILDREN Chapter 12 Child maltreatment: detection and diagnosis Chapter 13 BODY RECOVERY IN POTENTIAL CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY INVESTIGATIONS - A FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH Chapter 14 FIELD MISSIONS Index
List of Contributors ix
Preface xix
Chapter One: DNA contamination - a pragmatic clinical view 1
Contamination considerations 1
DNA profiling 6
DNA deposits 10
Decontamination 11
General approach to DNA decontamination 20
Contamination 20
Cleaning and the DNA laboratory 22
Cleaning and decontamination of forensic examination suites - the way forward 26
References 31
Chapter Two: The toxicity of the novel psychoactive substances 35
Introduction 35
Acute toxicity 35
Chronic toxicity 40
Deaths 41
References 44
Chapter Three: Postmortem gastric content analysis: its role in determining time since death 47
Introduction 47
The physiology of gastric emptying 48
Gastric motility and emptying 49
Methods for measuring gastric emptying 52
Experimental studies 52
Factors affecting gastric emptying (in adults) 53
Analysis of gastric contents 56
Usefulness of gastric contents in time of death estimations 61
Conclusion 62
Acknowledgments 63
References 63
Chapter Four: Conducted energy devices 67
Overview 67
What are conducted energy devices? 67
Modes of use of the TASER(r) X26, TASER(r) X26P and TASER(r) X2 68
The electrical outputs of the TASER(r) X26, X26P and X2 68
Operationally exploited effects of TASER(r) CEDs: pain and neuromuscular incapacitation 70
Adverse effects associated with use of the TASER(r) X26 71
Conclusions 76
References 77
Chapter Five: Autoerotic deaths 81
Historical context 81
Definition 83
Incidence 85
Investigation of autoerotic deaths 86
Typical methods of autoerotic death 88
Atypical methods of autoerotic deaths 91
Typical and atypical victims 92
Summary 94
References 94
Chapter Six: Excited Delirium Syndrome: aetiology, identification and treatment 97
Introduction 97
Aetiology 101
Diagnosis 103
Initial approach and work?]up 104
Medication treatment options for ExDS 106
Supportive treatment 110
Conclusions 112
References 114
Chapter Seven: Automatism - wading through the quagmire 119
Introduction 119
Definitions of automatism 120
The law 121
Medical conditions capable, or possibly capable, of founding a defence of automatism 123
Sentencing and mitigation 134
Proposals for reform in England and Wales 135
Acknowledgments 135
Law reports 135
References 136
Chapter Eight: Classification of personality disorders, clinical manifestations and treatment 139
Introduction 139
What is personality disorder? 139
Dimensional or categorical diagnostic approaches? 141
Prevalence 142
The hybrid model 143
Assessment 143
Specific issues in forensic medicine settings 149
References 150
Chapter Nine: Driving impairment: the main risk factors 153
Introduction 153
Legislative approaches 155
Sobriety assessment 158
Specific drugs 162
Forensic specimens in drug driving cases 168
Medical conditions and fitness to drive 169
Sleep deprivation 171
Conclusions 172
References 172
Chapter Ten: Risk factors for death or harm to health for
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