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Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods This user-friendly textbook teaches students to understand and apply procedural steps in completing quantitative studies. It explains statistics while progressing through the steps of the hypothesis-testing process from hypothesis to results. The research problems used in the book reflect statistical applications related to interesting and important topics. In addition, the book provides a Research Analysis and Interpretation Guide to help students analyze research articles. Designed as a hands-on resource, each chapter covers a single research…mehr
Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods This user-friendly textbook teaches students to understand and apply procedural steps in completing quantitative studies. It explains statistics while progressing through the steps of the hypothesis-testing process from hypothesis to results. The research problems used in the book reflect statistical applications related to interesting and important topics. In addition, the book provides a Research Analysis and Interpretation Guide to help students analyze research articles. Designed as a hands-on resource, each chapter covers a single research problem and offers directions for implementing the research method from start to finish. Readers will learn how to: * Pinpoint research questions and hypotheses * Identify, classify, and operationally define the study variables * Choose appropriate research designs * Conduct power analysis * Select an appropriate statistic for the problem * Use a data set * Conduct data screening and analyses using SPSS * Interpret the statistics * Write the results related to the problem Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods allows students to immediately, independently, and successfully apply quantitative methods to their own research projects.
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William E. Martin, EdD, is a professor and past chair of educational psychology in the College of Education, Northern Arizona University. He also served as senior scholar in the university's Faculty Research Center. His research areas are psychometric assessment, counselor development, psychosocial adjustment, and person-environment-based prevention and intervention methods. Krista D. Bridgmon, PhD, is an assistant professor of psychology at Colorado State University-Pueblo. Her research areas are doctoral student attrition, stress and coping, school counseling, and sport psychology.
Inhaltsangabe
Tables and Figures ix Preface xvii The Authors xix Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1 Review of Foundational Research Concepts 3 Review of Foundational Statistical Information 6 The Normal Distribution 14 Chapter 2 Logical Steps of Conducting Quantitative Research: Hypothesis-Testing Process 29 Hypothesis-Testing Process 30 Chapter 3 Maximizing Hypothesis Decisions Using Power Analysis 39 Balance between Avoiding Type I and Type II Errors 41 Chapter 4 Research and Statistical Designs 53 Formulating Experimental Conditions 54 Reducing the Imprecision in Measurement 55 Controlling Extraneous Experimental Influences 57 Internal Validity and Experimental Designs 59 Choosing a Statistic to Use for an Analysis 67 Chapter 5 Introduction to IBM SPSS 20 77 The IBM SPSS 20 Data View Screen 80 Naming and Defining Variables in Variable View 80 Entering Data 86 Examples of Basic Analyses 87 Examples of Modifying Data Procedures 96 Chapter 6 Diagnosing Study Data for Inaccuracies and Assumptions 99 Research Example 100 Chapter 7 Randomized Design Comparing Two Treatments and a Control Using a One-Way Analysis of Variance 129 Research Problem 130 Study Variables 131 Research Design 133 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 135 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 136 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 137 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 138 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 143 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 144 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 162 Formula Calculations of the Study Results 166 Chapter 8 Repeated-Treatment Design Using a Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 183 Research Problem 184 Study Variables 185 Research Design 186 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 189 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 190 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 191 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 192 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 195 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 196 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 216 Formula Calculations of the Study Results 218 Chapter 9 Randomized Factorial Experimental Design Using a Factorial ANOVA 231 Research Problem 232 Study Variables 232 Research Design 233 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Questions 237 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 238 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 240 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 241 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 247 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 248 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 271 Formula Calculations of the Study Results 278 Chapter 10 Analysis of Covariance 297 Research Problem 298 Study Variables 299 Research Design 300 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 301 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 301 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 302 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 302 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 306 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 307 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 324 Formula ANCOVA Calculations of the Study Results 327 ANCOVA Study Results 339 Chapter 11 Randomized Control Group and Repeated-Treatment Designs and Nonparametics 345 Research Problem 346 Study Variables 346 Research Design 347 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 349 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 349 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 350 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 350 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 354 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 355 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes 370 Formula Calculations 376 Nonparametric Research Problem Two: Friedman's Rank Test for Correlated Samples and Wilcoxon's Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test 382 Chapter 12 Bivariate and Multivariate Correlation Methods Using Multiple Regression Analysis 401 Research Problem 402 Study Variables 402 Research Method 403 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 405 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 405 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 406 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 406 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 407 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 407 Hand Calculations of Statistics 423 Chapter 13 Understanding Quantitative Literature and Research 439 Interpretation of a Quantitative Research Article 440 References 461 Index 465
Tables and Figures ix Preface xvii The Authors xix Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1 Review of Foundational Research Concepts 3 Review of Foundational Statistical Information 6 The Normal Distribution 14 Chapter 2 Logical Steps of Conducting Quantitative Research: Hypothesis-Testing Process 29 Hypothesis-Testing Process 30 Chapter 3 Maximizing Hypothesis Decisions Using Power Analysis 39 Balance between Avoiding Type I and Type II Errors 41 Chapter 4 Research and Statistical Designs 53 Formulating Experimental Conditions 54 Reducing the Imprecision in Measurement 55 Controlling Extraneous Experimental Influences 57 Internal Validity and Experimental Designs 59 Choosing a Statistic to Use for an Analysis 67 Chapter 5 Introduction to IBM SPSS 20 77 The IBM SPSS 20 Data View Screen 80 Naming and Defining Variables in Variable View 80 Entering Data 86 Examples of Basic Analyses 87 Examples of Modifying Data Procedures 96 Chapter 6 Diagnosing Study Data for Inaccuracies and Assumptions 99 Research Example 100 Chapter 7 Randomized Design Comparing Two Treatments and a Control Using a One-Way Analysis of Variance 129 Research Problem 130 Study Variables 131 Research Design 133 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 135 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 136 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 137 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 138 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 143 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 144 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 162 Formula Calculations of the Study Results 166 Chapter 8 Repeated-Treatment Design Using a Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 183 Research Problem 184 Study Variables 185 Research Design 186 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 189 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 190 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 191 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 192 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 195 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 196 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 216 Formula Calculations of the Study Results 218 Chapter 9 Randomized Factorial Experimental Design Using a Factorial ANOVA 231 Research Problem 232 Study Variables 232 Research Design 233 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Questions 237 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 238 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 240 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 241 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 247 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 248 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 271 Formula Calculations of the Study Results 278 Chapter 10 Analysis of Covariance 297 Research Problem 298 Study Variables 299 Research Design 300 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 301 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 301 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 302 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 302 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 306 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 307 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 324 Formula ANCOVA Calculations of the Study Results 327 ANCOVA Study Results 339 Chapter 11 Randomized Control Group and Repeated-Treatment Designs and Nonparametics 345 Research Problem 346 Study Variables 346 Research Design 347 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 349 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 349 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 350 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 350 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 354 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 355 Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes 370 Formula Calculations 376 Nonparametric Research Problem Two: Friedman's Rank Test for Correlated Samples and Wilcoxon's Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test 382 Chapter 12 Bivariate and Multivariate Correlation Methods Using Multiple Regression Analysis 401 Research Problem 402 Study Variables 402 Research Method 403 Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 405 Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 405 Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 406 Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 406 Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 407 Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 407 Hand Calculations of Statistics 423 Chapter 13 Understanding Quantitative Literature and Research 439 Interpretation of a Quantitative Research Article 440 References 461 Index 465
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