Jyrki T. J. Penttinen
The Telecommunications Handbook
Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen
The Telecommunications Handbook
Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems
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This practical handbook and reference provides a complete understanding of the telecommunications field supported by descriptions and case examples throughout Taking a practical approach, The Telecommunications Handbook examines the principles and details of all of the major and modern telecommunications systems currently available to industry and to end-users. It gives essential information about usage, architectures, functioning, planning, construction, measurements and optimisation. The structure of the book is modular, giving both overall descriptions of the architectures and functionality…mehr
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This practical handbook and reference provides a complete understanding of the telecommunications field supported by descriptions and case examples throughout Taking a practical approach, The Telecommunications Handbook examines the principles and details of all of the major and modern telecommunications systems currently available to industry and to end-users. It gives essential information about usage, architectures, functioning, planning, construction, measurements and optimisation. The structure of the book is modular, giving both overall descriptions of the architectures and functionality of typical use cases, as well as deeper and practical guidelines for telecom professionals. The focus of the book is on current and future networks, and the most up-to-date functionalities of each network are described in sufficient detail for deployment purposes. The contents include an introduction to each technology, its evolution path, feasibility and utilization, solution and network architecture, and technical functioning of the systems (signalling, coding, different modes for channel delivery and security of core and radio system). The planning of the core and radio networks (system-specific field test measurement guidelines, hands-on network planning advices and suggestions for the parameter adjustments) and future systems are also described. * Each chapter covers aspects individually for easy reference, including approaches such as: functional blocks, protocol layers, hardware and software, planning, optimization, use cases, challenges, solutions to potential problems * Provides very practical detail on the planning and operation of networks to enable readers to apply the content in real-world deployments * Bridges the gap between the communications in the academic context and the practical knowledge and skills needed to work in the telecommunications industry * Section divisions include: General theory; Fixed telecommunications; Mobile communications; Space communications; Other and special communications; and Planning and management of telecommunication networks * Covers new commercial and enhanced systems deployed, such as IPv6 based networks, LTE-Advanced and GALILEO An essential reference for Technical personnel at telecom operators; equipment and terminal manufacturers; Engineers working for network operators.
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Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 1008
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. März 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 254mm x 192mm x 53mm
- Gewicht: 1815g
- ISBN-13: 9781119944881
- ISBN-10: 1119944880
- Artikelnr.: 38105914
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 1008
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. März 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 254mm x 192mm x 53mm
- Gewicht: 1815g
- ISBN-13: 9781119944881
- ISBN-10: 1119944880
- Artikelnr.: 38105914
EDITED BY JYRKI T. J. PENTTINEN GIESECKE & DEVRIENT, USA
Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii Abbreviations xxix List of Contributors
xlv 1 Introduction 1 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 1.1 General 1 1.2 Short History
of Telecommunications 2 1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5 1.4 The Focus of
the Book 15 1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16 References 20
2 Standardization and Regulation 23 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 2.1 Introduction
23 2.2 Standardization Bodies 23 2.3 Industry Forums 38 2.4 Other Entities
44 2.5 Frequency Regulation 45 2.6 National Regulators 46 2.7 Guideline for
Finding and Interpreting Standards 47 References 47 3 Telecommunications
Principles 49 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Terminology and
Planning Principles 49 3.3 Evolution 58 3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64 3.5
Physical Aspects 64 References 71 4 Protocols 73 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 4.1
Introduction 73 4.2 OSI 74 4.3 Fixed Networks 82 4.4 Mobile Networks 89 4.5
Data Networks 90 4.6 Error Recovery 93 4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96 4.8
Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98 References 99 5 Connectivity and Payment
101 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 5.1 Connectivity 101 5.2 Definitions 101 5.3 IP
Connectivity 102 5.4 Wired Connectivity 105 5.5 Radio Connectivity in the
Near Field 114 5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115 5.7 Secure Payment 120 5.8
Bluetooth 125 5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129 5.10 Other Connectivity
Technologies 131 References 132 6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Network Topologies 135 6.3
Redundancy 138 6.4 Telephone Network 139 6.5 User Devices 140 6.6 Plain Old
Public Telephone System (POTS) 145 6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) 149 6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153 6.9 SIP 155 6.10 Telephony
Solutions for Companies 159 6.11 Transport 161 6.12 Cloud Computing 161
References 163 7 Data Networks 165 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tero Jalkanen and
Ilkka Keisala 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 IPv4 165 7.3 IPv6 169 7.4 Routing
172 7.5 ATM 174 7.6 Frame Relay 176 7.7 LAN and MAN 177 7.8 Wi-Fi 189 7.9
Inter-Operator Networks 202 References 204 8 Telecommunications Network
Services and Applications 207 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Voice 207 8.3 Messaging 208 8.4 Audio and Video 210 8.5 Health Care 212
8.6 Education 212 8.7 CSTA 213 8.8 Advanced Telecommunications
Functionalities 214 8.9 Business Exchange 218 8.10 Public IP Network
Develops to NGN 218 8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222 8.12 Mobile
Services 224 References 236 9 Transmission Networks 237 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen and Juha Kallio 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Physical Transmission
Systems 237 9.3 Coding Techniques 238 9.4 PCM 241 9.5 Coding Techniques 243
9.6 PDH 245 9.7 SDH 245 9.8 WDM 246 9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247 9.10
IP Multimedia Subsystem 250 9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257 9.12 Cloud
Computing and Transport 257 References 259 10 Modulation and Demodulation
261 Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 General
261 10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262 10.4 Digital Modulation and
Demodulation 264 References 280 11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Development of GSM 281
11.3 Specification of GSM 285 11.4 Architecture of GSM 286 11.5
Functionality of GSM 294 11.6 Numbering of GSM 303 11.7 GSM Data 308 11.8
Dual Half Rate 317 11.9 DFCA 341 11.10 EDGE 349 11.11 DLDC 354 11.12 EDGE2
366 References 367 12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371
Patrick Marsch, Michat Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczat
and Rybakowski Marcin 12.1 Network Architecture 371 12.2 Physical Layer
Aspects 376 12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387 12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution
since Release 5 402 12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks
410 References 415 13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417
Jacek Góra, Krystian Safjan, Jarostaw Lachowski, Agnieszka Szufarska,
Stanistaw Strzyÿz,Szymon Stefánski, Damian Kolmas, Jyrki T. J. Penttinen,
Francesco D. Calabrese,Guillaume Monghal, Mohammad Anas, Luis Maestro, Juha
Kallio and Olli Ramula 13.1 Introduction 417 13.2 Architecture 418 13.3
Elements 419 13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 422
13.5 Interfaces 428 13.6 Protocol Stacks 430 13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434
13.8 LTE Radio Network 435 13.9 LTE Spectrum 436 13.10 Physical Layer 438
13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448 13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels
449 13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453 13.14 User Mobility 455 13.15 Radio
Resource Management Procedures 457 13.16 Link Adaptation 458 13.17 ICIC 459
13.18 Reporting 463 13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466 13.20 RRM
Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 467 13.21 Uplink RRM 477
13.22 Downlink RRM 482 13.23 Intra-LTE Handover 485 13.24 LTE Release 8/9
Features 487 13.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496 13.26 LTE Transport
and Core Network 504 13.27 Transport Network 506 13.28 Core Network 509
13.29 Charging 510 References 513 14 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 14.1 Introduction 515 14.2 WLAN Standards 515 14.3 IEEE
802.11 (Wi-Fi) 515 14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524 14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16
(4G) 529 14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534 References 536 15
Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 15.1 Introduction
537 15.2 Analog Systems 537 15.3 Digital Radio 539 15.4 Digital Television
540 References 552 16 Satellite Systems: Communications 555 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 16.1 Introduction 555 16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556
16.3 Voice and Data Services 569 16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571 16.5
Standardization 574 16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577 16.7 Radio Link
Budget 595 References 601 17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and
Telemetry 603 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 17.1 General 603 17.2 GPS 604 17.3
GALILEO 608 17.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614 17.5 Space
Research 616 17.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616 17.7 Military
Systems 617 References 619 18 Other and Special Networks 621 Pertti
Virtanen and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 18.1 IS-95 621 18.2 CDMA2000 624 18.3
TETRA 625 References 640 19 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP
Mobile Networks 641 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 19.1 Introduction 641 19.2 Basic
Principles of Protection 641 19.3 GSM Security 642 19.4 UMTS Security 647
19.5 LTE Security 649 19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659 19.7
Authentication and Authorization 663 19.8 Customer Data Safety 665 19.9
Lawful Interception 665 References 668 20 Planning of 2G Networks 669 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 669
20.2 Capacity Planning 672 20.3 Coverage Planning 675 20.4 Frequency
Planning 679 20.5 Parameter Planning 681 20.6 Network Measurements 683 20.7
Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 684 20.8 Other Planning
Considerations 714 20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 722
20.10 Simulations 729 References 741 21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks
743 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 21.1 Introduction 743 21.2 Radio Network Planning
Process 743 21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746 21.4 Capacity Planning 749
21.5 Coverage Planning 750 21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757 21.7 Parameter
Planning 759 References 776 22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777 Jyrki T.
J. Penttinen 22.1 Introduction 777 22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning
Process 777 22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795 22.4 Radiation
Limitations 818 22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819 References 830 23
Planning of Core Networks 835 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Jukka Hongisto 23.1
Introduction 835 23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 835
23.3 Planning of the Networks 836 23.4 Capacity Planning 838 23.5 Network
Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 840 23.6 Entering Commercial Phase:
Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 841 23.7
SGSN/MME Evolution 845 23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 846
23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847 23.10 Case Example: Commercial
GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 847 23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology
Considerations 848 23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850 Reference 851 24 EMF -
Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853 Jouko Rautio and Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 24.1 Introduction 853 24.2 The EMF Question 856 24.3 The
Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 856 24.4 The
Expert Organizations and Regulation 858 24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate
860 24.6 SAR 864 24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866 24.8 Summing
Up 869 24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870 References 880 25 Deployment
and Transition of Telecommunication Systems 883 Michat Maternia 25.1
Introduction 883 25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883 25.3 Transition of
Telecommunication Systems 885 25.4 Network Deployments 886 25.5 Spectrum
Considerations for Network Transition 900 25.6 Terminals Support for the
Network Transition 904 25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of
Small Cells 906 25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910 25.9 Challenges and
Possibilities 911 References 913 26 Wireless Network Measurements 915 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 26.1 Introduction 915 26.2 Principles of Radio Interface
Measurements 915 26.3 GSM/GPRS 915 26.4 LTE 921 26.5 LTE Field Measurements
928 References 934 Index 935
xlv 1 Introduction 1 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 1.1 General 1 1.2 Short History
of Telecommunications 2 1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5 1.4 The Focus of
the Book 15 1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16 References 20
2 Standardization and Regulation 23 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 2.1 Introduction
23 2.2 Standardization Bodies 23 2.3 Industry Forums 38 2.4 Other Entities
44 2.5 Frequency Regulation 45 2.6 National Regulators 46 2.7 Guideline for
Finding and Interpreting Standards 47 References 47 3 Telecommunications
Principles 49 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Terminology and
Planning Principles 49 3.3 Evolution 58 3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64 3.5
Physical Aspects 64 References 71 4 Protocols 73 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 4.1
Introduction 73 4.2 OSI 74 4.3 Fixed Networks 82 4.4 Mobile Networks 89 4.5
Data Networks 90 4.6 Error Recovery 93 4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96 4.8
Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98 References 99 5 Connectivity and Payment
101 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 5.1 Connectivity 101 5.2 Definitions 101 5.3 IP
Connectivity 102 5.4 Wired Connectivity 105 5.5 Radio Connectivity in the
Near Field 114 5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115 5.7 Secure Payment 120 5.8
Bluetooth 125 5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129 5.10 Other Connectivity
Technologies 131 References 132 6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Network Topologies 135 6.3
Redundancy 138 6.4 Telephone Network 139 6.5 User Devices 140 6.6 Plain Old
Public Telephone System (POTS) 145 6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) 149 6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153 6.9 SIP 155 6.10 Telephony
Solutions for Companies 159 6.11 Transport 161 6.12 Cloud Computing 161
References 163 7 Data Networks 165 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tero Jalkanen and
Ilkka Keisala 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 IPv4 165 7.3 IPv6 169 7.4 Routing
172 7.5 ATM 174 7.6 Frame Relay 176 7.7 LAN and MAN 177 7.8 Wi-Fi 189 7.9
Inter-Operator Networks 202 References 204 8 Telecommunications Network
Services and Applications 207 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Voice 207 8.3 Messaging 208 8.4 Audio and Video 210 8.5 Health Care 212
8.6 Education 212 8.7 CSTA 213 8.8 Advanced Telecommunications
Functionalities 214 8.9 Business Exchange 218 8.10 Public IP Network
Develops to NGN 218 8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222 8.12 Mobile
Services 224 References 236 9 Transmission Networks 237 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen and Juha Kallio 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Physical Transmission
Systems 237 9.3 Coding Techniques 238 9.4 PCM 241 9.5 Coding Techniques 243
9.6 PDH 245 9.7 SDH 245 9.8 WDM 246 9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247 9.10
IP Multimedia Subsystem 250 9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257 9.12 Cloud
Computing and Transport 257 References 259 10 Modulation and Demodulation
261 Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 General
261 10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262 10.4 Digital Modulation and
Demodulation 264 References 280 11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Development of GSM 281
11.3 Specification of GSM 285 11.4 Architecture of GSM 286 11.5
Functionality of GSM 294 11.6 Numbering of GSM 303 11.7 GSM Data 308 11.8
Dual Half Rate 317 11.9 DFCA 341 11.10 EDGE 349 11.11 DLDC 354 11.12 EDGE2
366 References 367 12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371
Patrick Marsch, Michat Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczat
and Rybakowski Marcin 12.1 Network Architecture 371 12.2 Physical Layer
Aspects 376 12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387 12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution
since Release 5 402 12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks
410 References 415 13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417
Jacek Góra, Krystian Safjan, Jarostaw Lachowski, Agnieszka Szufarska,
Stanistaw Strzyÿz,Szymon Stefánski, Damian Kolmas, Jyrki T. J. Penttinen,
Francesco D. Calabrese,Guillaume Monghal, Mohammad Anas, Luis Maestro, Juha
Kallio and Olli Ramula 13.1 Introduction 417 13.2 Architecture 418 13.3
Elements 419 13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 422
13.5 Interfaces 428 13.6 Protocol Stacks 430 13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434
13.8 LTE Radio Network 435 13.9 LTE Spectrum 436 13.10 Physical Layer 438
13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448 13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels
449 13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453 13.14 User Mobility 455 13.15 Radio
Resource Management Procedures 457 13.16 Link Adaptation 458 13.17 ICIC 459
13.18 Reporting 463 13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466 13.20 RRM
Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 467 13.21 Uplink RRM 477
13.22 Downlink RRM 482 13.23 Intra-LTE Handover 485 13.24 LTE Release 8/9
Features 487 13.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496 13.26 LTE Transport
and Core Network 504 13.27 Transport Network 506 13.28 Core Network 509
13.29 Charging 510 References 513 14 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 14.1 Introduction 515 14.2 WLAN Standards 515 14.3 IEEE
802.11 (Wi-Fi) 515 14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524 14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16
(4G) 529 14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534 References 536 15
Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 15.1 Introduction
537 15.2 Analog Systems 537 15.3 Digital Radio 539 15.4 Digital Television
540 References 552 16 Satellite Systems: Communications 555 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 16.1 Introduction 555 16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556
16.3 Voice and Data Services 569 16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571 16.5
Standardization 574 16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577 16.7 Radio Link
Budget 595 References 601 17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and
Telemetry 603 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 17.1 General 603 17.2 GPS 604 17.3
GALILEO 608 17.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614 17.5 Space
Research 616 17.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616 17.7 Military
Systems 617 References 619 18 Other and Special Networks 621 Pertti
Virtanen and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 18.1 IS-95 621 18.2 CDMA2000 624 18.3
TETRA 625 References 640 19 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP
Mobile Networks 641 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 19.1 Introduction 641 19.2 Basic
Principles of Protection 641 19.3 GSM Security 642 19.4 UMTS Security 647
19.5 LTE Security 649 19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659 19.7
Authentication and Authorization 663 19.8 Customer Data Safety 665 19.9
Lawful Interception 665 References 668 20 Planning of 2G Networks 669 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 669
20.2 Capacity Planning 672 20.3 Coverage Planning 675 20.4 Frequency
Planning 679 20.5 Parameter Planning 681 20.6 Network Measurements 683 20.7
Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 684 20.8 Other Planning
Considerations 714 20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 722
20.10 Simulations 729 References 741 21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks
743 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 21.1 Introduction 743 21.2 Radio Network Planning
Process 743 21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746 21.4 Capacity Planning 749
21.5 Coverage Planning 750 21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757 21.7 Parameter
Planning 759 References 776 22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777 Jyrki T.
J. Penttinen 22.1 Introduction 777 22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning
Process 777 22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795 22.4 Radiation
Limitations 818 22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819 References 830 23
Planning of Core Networks 835 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Jukka Hongisto 23.1
Introduction 835 23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 835
23.3 Planning of the Networks 836 23.4 Capacity Planning 838 23.5 Network
Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 840 23.6 Entering Commercial Phase:
Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 841 23.7
SGSN/MME Evolution 845 23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 846
23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847 23.10 Case Example: Commercial
GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 847 23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology
Considerations 848 23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850 Reference 851 24 EMF -
Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853 Jouko Rautio and Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 24.1 Introduction 853 24.2 The EMF Question 856 24.3 The
Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 856 24.4 The
Expert Organizations and Regulation 858 24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate
860 24.6 SAR 864 24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866 24.8 Summing
Up 869 24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870 References 880 25 Deployment
and Transition of Telecommunication Systems 883 Michat Maternia 25.1
Introduction 883 25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883 25.3 Transition of
Telecommunication Systems 885 25.4 Network Deployments 886 25.5 Spectrum
Considerations for Network Transition 900 25.6 Terminals Support for the
Network Transition 904 25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of
Small Cells 906 25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910 25.9 Challenges and
Possibilities 911 References 913 26 Wireless Network Measurements 915 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 26.1 Introduction 915 26.2 Principles of Radio Interface
Measurements 915 26.3 GSM/GPRS 915 26.4 LTE 921 26.5 LTE Field Measurements
928 References 934 Index 935
Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii Abbreviations xxix List of Contributors
xlv 1 Introduction 1 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 1.1 General 1 1.2 Short History
of Telecommunications 2 1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5 1.4 The Focus of
the Book 15 1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16 References 20
2 Standardization and Regulation 23 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 2.1 Introduction
23 2.2 Standardization Bodies 23 2.3 Industry Forums 38 2.4 Other Entities
44 2.5 Frequency Regulation 45 2.6 National Regulators 46 2.7 Guideline for
Finding and Interpreting Standards 47 References 47 3 Telecommunications
Principles 49 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Terminology and
Planning Principles 49 3.3 Evolution 58 3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64 3.5
Physical Aspects 64 References 71 4 Protocols 73 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 4.1
Introduction 73 4.2 OSI 74 4.3 Fixed Networks 82 4.4 Mobile Networks 89 4.5
Data Networks 90 4.6 Error Recovery 93 4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96 4.8
Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98 References 99 5 Connectivity and Payment
101 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 5.1 Connectivity 101 5.2 Definitions 101 5.3 IP
Connectivity 102 5.4 Wired Connectivity 105 5.5 Radio Connectivity in the
Near Field 114 5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115 5.7 Secure Payment 120 5.8
Bluetooth 125 5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129 5.10 Other Connectivity
Technologies 131 References 132 6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Network Topologies 135 6.3
Redundancy 138 6.4 Telephone Network 139 6.5 User Devices 140 6.6 Plain Old
Public Telephone System (POTS) 145 6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) 149 6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153 6.9 SIP 155 6.10 Telephony
Solutions for Companies 159 6.11 Transport 161 6.12 Cloud Computing 161
References 163 7 Data Networks 165 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tero Jalkanen and
Ilkka Keisala 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 IPv4 165 7.3 IPv6 169 7.4 Routing
172 7.5 ATM 174 7.6 Frame Relay 176 7.7 LAN and MAN 177 7.8 Wi-Fi 189 7.9
Inter-Operator Networks 202 References 204 8 Telecommunications Network
Services and Applications 207 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Voice 207 8.3 Messaging 208 8.4 Audio and Video 210 8.5 Health Care 212
8.6 Education 212 8.7 CSTA 213 8.8 Advanced Telecommunications
Functionalities 214 8.9 Business Exchange 218 8.10 Public IP Network
Develops to NGN 218 8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222 8.12 Mobile
Services 224 References 236 9 Transmission Networks 237 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen and Juha Kallio 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Physical Transmission
Systems 237 9.3 Coding Techniques 238 9.4 PCM 241 9.5 Coding Techniques 243
9.6 PDH 245 9.7 SDH 245 9.8 WDM 246 9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247 9.10
IP Multimedia Subsystem 250 9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257 9.12 Cloud
Computing and Transport 257 References 259 10 Modulation and Demodulation
261 Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 General
261 10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262 10.4 Digital Modulation and
Demodulation 264 References 280 11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Development of GSM 281
11.3 Specification of GSM 285 11.4 Architecture of GSM 286 11.5
Functionality of GSM 294 11.6 Numbering of GSM 303 11.7 GSM Data 308 11.8
Dual Half Rate 317 11.9 DFCA 341 11.10 EDGE 349 11.11 DLDC 354 11.12 EDGE2
366 References 367 12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371
Patrick Marsch, Michat Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczat
and Rybakowski Marcin 12.1 Network Architecture 371 12.2 Physical Layer
Aspects 376 12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387 12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution
since Release 5 402 12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks
410 References 415 13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417
Jacek Góra, Krystian Safjan, Jarostaw Lachowski, Agnieszka Szufarska,
Stanistaw Strzyÿz,Szymon Stefánski, Damian Kolmas, Jyrki T. J. Penttinen,
Francesco D. Calabrese,Guillaume Monghal, Mohammad Anas, Luis Maestro, Juha
Kallio and Olli Ramula 13.1 Introduction 417 13.2 Architecture 418 13.3
Elements 419 13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 422
13.5 Interfaces 428 13.6 Protocol Stacks 430 13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434
13.8 LTE Radio Network 435 13.9 LTE Spectrum 436 13.10 Physical Layer 438
13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448 13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels
449 13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453 13.14 User Mobility 455 13.15 Radio
Resource Management Procedures 457 13.16 Link Adaptation 458 13.17 ICIC 459
13.18 Reporting 463 13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466 13.20 RRM
Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 467 13.21 Uplink RRM 477
13.22 Downlink RRM 482 13.23 Intra-LTE Handover 485 13.24 LTE Release 8/9
Features 487 13.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496 13.26 LTE Transport
and Core Network 504 13.27 Transport Network 506 13.28 Core Network 509
13.29 Charging 510 References 513 14 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 14.1 Introduction 515 14.2 WLAN Standards 515 14.3 IEEE
802.11 (Wi-Fi) 515 14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524 14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16
(4G) 529 14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534 References 536 15
Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 15.1 Introduction
537 15.2 Analog Systems 537 15.3 Digital Radio 539 15.4 Digital Television
540 References 552 16 Satellite Systems: Communications 555 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 16.1 Introduction 555 16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556
16.3 Voice and Data Services 569 16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571 16.5
Standardization 574 16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577 16.7 Radio Link
Budget 595 References 601 17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and
Telemetry 603 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 17.1 General 603 17.2 GPS 604 17.3
GALILEO 608 17.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614 17.5 Space
Research 616 17.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616 17.7 Military
Systems 617 References 619 18 Other and Special Networks 621 Pertti
Virtanen and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 18.1 IS-95 621 18.2 CDMA2000 624 18.3
TETRA 625 References 640 19 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP
Mobile Networks 641 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 19.1 Introduction 641 19.2 Basic
Principles of Protection 641 19.3 GSM Security 642 19.4 UMTS Security 647
19.5 LTE Security 649 19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659 19.7
Authentication and Authorization 663 19.8 Customer Data Safety 665 19.9
Lawful Interception 665 References 668 20 Planning of 2G Networks 669 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 669
20.2 Capacity Planning 672 20.3 Coverage Planning 675 20.4 Frequency
Planning 679 20.5 Parameter Planning 681 20.6 Network Measurements 683 20.7
Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 684 20.8 Other Planning
Considerations 714 20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 722
20.10 Simulations 729 References 741 21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks
743 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 21.1 Introduction 743 21.2 Radio Network Planning
Process 743 21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746 21.4 Capacity Planning 749
21.5 Coverage Planning 750 21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757 21.7 Parameter
Planning 759 References 776 22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777 Jyrki T.
J. Penttinen 22.1 Introduction 777 22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning
Process 777 22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795 22.4 Radiation
Limitations 818 22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819 References 830 23
Planning of Core Networks 835 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Jukka Hongisto 23.1
Introduction 835 23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 835
23.3 Planning of the Networks 836 23.4 Capacity Planning 838 23.5 Network
Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 840 23.6 Entering Commercial Phase:
Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 841 23.7
SGSN/MME Evolution 845 23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 846
23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847 23.10 Case Example: Commercial
GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 847 23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology
Considerations 848 23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850 Reference 851 24 EMF -
Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853 Jouko Rautio and Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 24.1 Introduction 853 24.2 The EMF Question 856 24.3 The
Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 856 24.4 The
Expert Organizations and Regulation 858 24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate
860 24.6 SAR 864 24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866 24.8 Summing
Up 869 24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870 References 880 25 Deployment
and Transition of Telecommunication Systems 883 Michat Maternia 25.1
Introduction 883 25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883 25.3 Transition of
Telecommunication Systems 885 25.4 Network Deployments 886 25.5 Spectrum
Considerations for Network Transition 900 25.6 Terminals Support for the
Network Transition 904 25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of
Small Cells 906 25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910 25.9 Challenges and
Possibilities 911 References 913 26 Wireless Network Measurements 915 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 26.1 Introduction 915 26.2 Principles of Radio Interface
Measurements 915 26.3 GSM/GPRS 915 26.4 LTE 921 26.5 LTE Field Measurements
928 References 934 Index 935
xlv 1 Introduction 1 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 1.1 General 1 1.2 Short History
of Telecommunications 2 1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5 1.4 The Focus of
the Book 15 1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16 References 20
2 Standardization and Regulation 23 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 2.1 Introduction
23 2.2 Standardization Bodies 23 2.3 Industry Forums 38 2.4 Other Entities
44 2.5 Frequency Regulation 45 2.6 National Regulators 46 2.7 Guideline for
Finding and Interpreting Standards 47 References 47 3 Telecommunications
Principles 49 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Terminology and
Planning Principles 49 3.3 Evolution 58 3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64 3.5
Physical Aspects 64 References 71 4 Protocols 73 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 4.1
Introduction 73 4.2 OSI 74 4.3 Fixed Networks 82 4.4 Mobile Networks 89 4.5
Data Networks 90 4.6 Error Recovery 93 4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96 4.8
Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98 References 99 5 Connectivity and Payment
101 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 5.1 Connectivity 101 5.2 Definitions 101 5.3 IP
Connectivity 102 5.4 Wired Connectivity 105 5.5 Radio Connectivity in the
Near Field 114 5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115 5.7 Secure Payment 120 5.8
Bluetooth 125 5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129 5.10 Other Connectivity
Technologies 131 References 132 6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Network Topologies 135 6.3
Redundancy 138 6.4 Telephone Network 139 6.5 User Devices 140 6.6 Plain Old
Public Telephone System (POTS) 145 6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) 149 6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153 6.9 SIP 155 6.10 Telephony
Solutions for Companies 159 6.11 Transport 161 6.12 Cloud Computing 161
References 163 7 Data Networks 165 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tero Jalkanen and
Ilkka Keisala 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 IPv4 165 7.3 IPv6 169 7.4 Routing
172 7.5 ATM 174 7.6 Frame Relay 176 7.7 LAN and MAN 177 7.8 Wi-Fi 189 7.9
Inter-Operator Networks 202 References 204 8 Telecommunications Network
Services and Applications 207 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Voice 207 8.3 Messaging 208 8.4 Audio and Video 210 8.5 Health Care 212
8.6 Education 212 8.7 CSTA 213 8.8 Advanced Telecommunications
Functionalities 214 8.9 Business Exchange 218 8.10 Public IP Network
Develops to NGN 218 8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222 8.12 Mobile
Services 224 References 236 9 Transmission Networks 237 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen and Juha Kallio 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Physical Transmission
Systems 237 9.3 Coding Techniques 238 9.4 PCM 241 9.5 Coding Techniques 243
9.6 PDH 245 9.7 SDH 245 9.8 WDM 246 9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247 9.10
IP Multimedia Subsystem 250 9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257 9.12 Cloud
Computing and Transport 257 References 259 10 Modulation and Demodulation
261 Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 General
261 10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262 10.4 Digital Modulation and
Demodulation 264 References 280 11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Development of GSM 281
11.3 Specification of GSM 285 11.4 Architecture of GSM 286 11.5
Functionality of GSM 294 11.6 Numbering of GSM 303 11.7 GSM Data 308 11.8
Dual Half Rate 317 11.9 DFCA 341 11.10 EDGE 349 11.11 DLDC 354 11.12 EDGE2
366 References 367 12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371
Patrick Marsch, Michat Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczat
and Rybakowski Marcin 12.1 Network Architecture 371 12.2 Physical Layer
Aspects 376 12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387 12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution
since Release 5 402 12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks
410 References 415 13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417
Jacek Góra, Krystian Safjan, Jarostaw Lachowski, Agnieszka Szufarska,
Stanistaw Strzyÿz,Szymon Stefánski, Damian Kolmas, Jyrki T. J. Penttinen,
Francesco D. Calabrese,Guillaume Monghal, Mohammad Anas, Luis Maestro, Juha
Kallio and Olli Ramula 13.1 Introduction 417 13.2 Architecture 418 13.3
Elements 419 13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 422
13.5 Interfaces 428 13.6 Protocol Stacks 430 13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434
13.8 LTE Radio Network 435 13.9 LTE Spectrum 436 13.10 Physical Layer 438
13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448 13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels
449 13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453 13.14 User Mobility 455 13.15 Radio
Resource Management Procedures 457 13.16 Link Adaptation 458 13.17 ICIC 459
13.18 Reporting 463 13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466 13.20 RRM
Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 467 13.21 Uplink RRM 477
13.22 Downlink RRM 482 13.23 Intra-LTE Handover 485 13.24 LTE Release 8/9
Features 487 13.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496 13.26 LTE Transport
and Core Network 504 13.27 Transport Network 506 13.28 Core Network 509
13.29 Charging 510 References 513 14 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 14.1 Introduction 515 14.2 WLAN Standards 515 14.3 IEEE
802.11 (Wi-Fi) 515 14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524 14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16
(4G) 529 14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534 References 536 15
Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 15.1 Introduction
537 15.2 Analog Systems 537 15.3 Digital Radio 539 15.4 Digital Television
540 References 552 16 Satellite Systems: Communications 555 Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 16.1 Introduction 555 16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556
16.3 Voice and Data Services 569 16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571 16.5
Standardization 574 16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577 16.7 Radio Link
Budget 595 References 601 17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and
Telemetry 603 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 17.1 General 603 17.2 GPS 604 17.3
GALILEO 608 17.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614 17.5 Space
Research 616 17.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616 17.7 Military
Systems 617 References 619 18 Other and Special Networks 621 Pertti
Virtanen and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 18.1 IS-95 621 18.2 CDMA2000 624 18.3
TETRA 625 References 640 19 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP
Mobile Networks 641 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 19.1 Introduction 641 19.2 Basic
Principles of Protection 641 19.3 GSM Security 642 19.4 UMTS Security 647
19.5 LTE Security 649 19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659 19.7
Authentication and Authorization 663 19.8 Customer Data Safety 665 19.9
Lawful Interception 665 References 668 20 Planning of 2G Networks 669 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 669
20.2 Capacity Planning 672 20.3 Coverage Planning 675 20.4 Frequency
Planning 679 20.5 Parameter Planning 681 20.6 Network Measurements 683 20.7
Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 684 20.8 Other Planning
Considerations 714 20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 722
20.10 Simulations 729 References 741 21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks
743 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen 21.1 Introduction 743 21.2 Radio Network Planning
Process 743 21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746 21.4 Capacity Planning 749
21.5 Coverage Planning 750 21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757 21.7 Parameter
Planning 759 References 776 22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777 Jyrki T.
J. Penttinen 22.1 Introduction 777 22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning
Process 777 22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795 22.4 Radiation
Limitations 818 22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819 References 830 23
Planning of Core Networks 835 Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Jukka Hongisto 23.1
Introduction 835 23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 835
23.3 Planning of the Networks 836 23.4 Capacity Planning 838 23.5 Network
Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 840 23.6 Entering Commercial Phase:
Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 841 23.7
SGSN/MME Evolution 845 23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 846
23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847 23.10 Case Example: Commercial
GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 847 23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology
Considerations 848 23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850 Reference 851 24 EMF -
Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853 Jouko Rautio and Jyrki T. J.
Penttinen 24.1 Introduction 853 24.2 The EMF Question 856 24.3 The
Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 856 24.4 The
Expert Organizations and Regulation 858 24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate
860 24.6 SAR 864 24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866 24.8 Summing
Up 869 24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870 References 880 25 Deployment
and Transition of Telecommunication Systems 883 Michat Maternia 25.1
Introduction 883 25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883 25.3 Transition of
Telecommunication Systems 885 25.4 Network Deployments 886 25.5 Spectrum
Considerations for Network Transition 900 25.6 Terminals Support for the
Network Transition 904 25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of
Small Cells 906 25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910 25.9 Challenges and
Possibilities 911 References 913 26 Wireless Network Measurements 915 Jyrki
T. J. Penttinen 26.1 Introduction 915 26.2 Principles of Radio Interface
Measurements 915 26.3 GSM/GPRS 915 26.4 LTE 921 26.5 LTE Field Measurements
928 References 934 Index 935