I should like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor H. Schultink, whose criticisms and careful reading helped me to improve considerably upon the clarity of exposition while I wrote this study, and whose seemingly innocent requests to elaborate confronted me time and again with the need of revising or abandoning ideas I thought stood on firm ground. His support, and Dr. M. C. van den Toom's gratefully acknowl edged willingness to read and evaluate the manuscript enabled me to present this work as a thesis in the University of Utrecht. In more than one way, lowe a debt to Albert…mehr
I should like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor H. Schultink, whose criticisms and careful reading helped me to improve considerably upon the clarity of exposition while I wrote this study, and whose seemingly innocent requests to elaborate confronted me time and again with the need of revising or abandoning ideas I thought stood on firm ground. His support, and Dr. M. C. van den Toom's gratefully acknowl edged willingness to read and evaluate the manuscript enabled me to present this work as a thesis in the University of Utrecht. In more than one way, lowe a debt to Albert Kraak, Professor of Linguistics in the University of Nijmegen. His inspiring enthusiasm awakened my interest in linguistics when I was a student of his. He in troduced me to transformational grammar at a time when it seemed almost improper to talk about it, and the stimulating experience of writing a book on Dutch syntax together with him taught me invaluable lessons. I should also like to thank my friend and colleague Henk Verkuyl, to gether with whom I prepared an article on the subject of measuring duration in Dutch. Without our stimulating discussions on the subject, the fourth chapter of this study could never have been written in the present form. I am also indebted to him for criticisms and helpful suggestions. At an early stage I profited greatly from discussions with Pieter A. M.
I. Measure Phrase Sentences; Some Observations.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Measure Phrases.- 2.1. Are MP's Noun Phrases?.- 2.1.1. Prenominal Adjectives in MP's.- 2.1.1.1. Unit nouns: integer-dependent and integer-independent, continuous and discontinuous, abstract and concrete.- 2.1.1.2. 'Six dusty miles' and Ten crisp new dollars'; abstract and concrete MP's.- 2.1.2. MP's, Relative Clauses, and Prenominal Adjectives; 'Non-Particular' Units; Syncategorematic Adjectives.- 2.1.3. 'Each/Either/Some of the' + MP; Differentiation and Individualization.- 2.1.3.1. Definiteness and indefiniteness; incorporation of the definite element.- 2.1.3.2. Numerical elements and numbers.- 2.1.3.3. 'Part of the' + MP.- 2.1.4. Demonstratives, Possessive Pronouns, 'Principal', 'Chief', 'Utter'.- 2.2. Recapitulation.- 3. Parameter Adjectives and Measure Adjectives.- 3.1. Parameter Adjectives.- 3.2. Objective Gradables and Subjective Gradables; Neutral and Non-Neutral Sense.- 3.2.1. 'Warm'; Non-Neutral, Subjective or Objective.- 3.2.1.1. 'Warm' and other gradables in 'hoe' questions.- 3.3. Bierwisch's Observations on Polarity and Orientation of Adjectives; 'Warm' an Unoriented Adjective.- 3.3.1. An Additional Criterion for the Polarity Sign; '(+ Pol)' Adjectives That Do Not Take MP's.- 4. Semicopulas.- 4.1. Middle Verbs and Semicopulas.- 4.1.1. 'Differ' + MP.- 4.1.2. Passive and Manner Adverbials.- 4.1.3. Measure Semicopulas.- 4.2. Other Verbs Taking MP's.- 4.3. Semicopulas Taking Adjectival Complements.- 4.4. 'Cost' + Indirect Object 49 5. Recapitulation.- II. The Structure Underlying Simple MP Sentences.- 1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 2. Similarities in the Behaviour of Simple MP Sentences.- 2.1. The Relation to 'Hebben'.- 2.1.1. Semicopulas Show a Relation to 'Hebben'.- 2.1.1.1. 'Hebben' paraphrases reveal the source of the ungrammatically of 'each other' semicopula sentences.- 2.1.1.1.1. The PSR hypothesis vs. the transformational hypothesis.- 2.1.1.1.2. Assuming that semicopulas are simply V's leaves the ungrammaticality of 'each other' semicopula sentences unexplained.- 2.1.1.1.3. 'Hebben' paraphrases reveal that the co-reference condition is not met.- 2.1.1.1.4. Semicopulas that do take definite complements are also excluded from 'each other' sentences.- 2.1.1.2. Semicopulas are non-passivizable and stative.- 2.1.2. Copula + Measure Adjective Constructions Show a Relation to 'Hebben'.- 2.1.2.1. 'Hebben' paraphrases reveal the source of the ungrammaticality of 'each other' measure adjective sentences.- 2.1.2.2. Measure adjectives are stative.- 2.2. Further Evidence that the Underlying Structures of Semicopula Sentences and Measure Adjective Sentences Are Similar.- 2.2.1. Synonymy of Semicopula and 'Be' + Measure Adjective.- 2.2.2. MP's Do Not Occur as Direct Objects in Simple MP Sentences.- 2.2.3. MP's Cannot Be Omitted in Simple Sentences in Which They Are Not Direct Objects.- 3. Possible Underlying Structures of Simple MP Sentences.- 3.1. Underlying 'Hebben'.- 3.2. Underlying Adjective.- 3.3. Disadvantages of Underlying 'Hebben' and of Underlying Adjective.- 3.4. Underlying WITH String.- 4. Arguments for an Underlying WITH String.- 4.1. Generalization of Relative Clause Reduction.- 4.2. Comparing Different Languages.- 4.3. Possibility of Uniform Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 4.4. Non-Occurrence of Reduced Type II Sentences.- 4.5. Adjectives Corresponding to 'Met' Phrases.- 5. Recapitulation.- III. The Derivation of MP Sentences.- 1. Lexical Entries and Lexical Rules.- 2. When Does Reduction Occur?.- 2.1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 2.2. Reduction in 'Van' + MP Constructions.- 3. A Non-Existent Neutral Parameter Adjective.- 4. Treating 'Zijn' as an Affix.- 5. Base Rules and Entries.- 6. The Transformational Derivation of MP Sentences.- 6.1. Simple MP Sentences and Their Paraphrases.- 6.2. 'Van' + MP Constructions.- 6.3. Applied Amount Terms and Related Expressions.- 6.4. Embedding; Another Type of 'Van' Constructions; Post-lexical Rules.- 7. The Derivation of Measure Phrases.- 7.1. Unreduced Forms.- 7.2. Integer-Dependent and Integer-Independent Unit Nouns.- 7.3. Reduction in Measure Phrases.- 7.4. Recapitulation.- IV. Duration Sentences.- 1. 'Duren'.- 1.1. Double WITH Strings.- 1.1.1. A Comparison with 'Simple' Semicopulas and Related Structures.- 1.1.2. The Relationship between 'Duren' and 'Gedurende'.- 1.2. The Transformational Derivation of Duration MP Sentences Not Containing DMA's.- 1.2.1. Simple Duration MP Sentences.- 1.2.2. 'Van' + MP Constructions Referring to Duration 226 2. Other Complex Semicopulas.- V. Epilogue.
I. Measure Phrase Sentences; Some Observations.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Measure Phrases.- 2.1. Are MP's Noun Phrases?.- 2.1.1. Prenominal Adjectives in MP's.- 2.1.1.1. Unit nouns: integer-dependent and integer-independent, continuous and discontinuous, abstract and concrete.- 2.1.1.2. 'Six dusty miles' and Ten crisp new dollars'; abstract and concrete MP's.- 2.1.2. MP's, Relative Clauses, and Prenominal Adjectives; 'Non-Particular' Units; Syncategorematic Adjectives.- 2.1.3. 'Each/Either/Some of the' + MP; Differentiation and Individualization.- 2.1.3.1. Definiteness and indefiniteness; incorporation of the definite element.- 2.1.3.2. Numerical elements and numbers.- 2.1.3.3. 'Part of the' + MP.- 2.1.4. Demonstratives, Possessive Pronouns, 'Principal', 'Chief', 'Utter'.- 2.2. Recapitulation.- 3. Parameter Adjectives and Measure Adjectives.- 3.1. Parameter Adjectives.- 3.2. Objective Gradables and Subjective Gradables; Neutral and Non-Neutral Sense.- 3.2.1. 'Warm'; Non-Neutral, Subjective or Objective.- 3.2.1.1. 'Warm' and other gradables in 'hoe' questions.- 3.3. Bierwisch's Observations on Polarity and Orientation of Adjectives; 'Warm' an Unoriented Adjective.- 3.3.1. An Additional Criterion for the Polarity Sign; '(+ Pol)' Adjectives That Do Not Take MP's.- 4. Semicopulas.- 4.1. Middle Verbs and Semicopulas.- 4.1.1. 'Differ' + MP.- 4.1.2. Passive and Manner Adverbials.- 4.1.3. Measure Semicopulas.- 4.2. Other Verbs Taking MP's.- 4.3. Semicopulas Taking Adjectival Complements.- 4.4. 'Cost' + Indirect Object 49 5. Recapitulation.- II. The Structure Underlying Simple MP Sentences.- 1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 2. Similarities in the Behaviour of Simple MP Sentences.- 2.1. The Relation to 'Hebben'.- 2.1.1. Semicopulas Show a Relation to 'Hebben'.- 2.1.1.1. 'Hebben' paraphrases reveal the source of the ungrammatically of 'each other' semicopula sentences.- 2.1.1.1.1. The PSR hypothesis vs. the transformational hypothesis.- 2.1.1.1.2. Assuming that semicopulas are simply V's leaves the ungrammaticality of 'each other' semicopula sentences unexplained.- 2.1.1.1.3. 'Hebben' paraphrases reveal that the co-reference condition is not met.- 2.1.1.1.4. Semicopulas that do take definite complements are also excluded from 'each other' sentences.- 2.1.1.2. Semicopulas are non-passivizable and stative.- 2.1.2. Copula + Measure Adjective Constructions Show a Relation to 'Hebben'.- 2.1.2.1. 'Hebben' paraphrases reveal the source of the ungrammaticality of 'each other' measure adjective sentences.- 2.1.2.2. Measure adjectives are stative.- 2.2. Further Evidence that the Underlying Structures of Semicopula Sentences and Measure Adjective Sentences Are Similar.- 2.2.1. Synonymy of Semicopula and 'Be' + Measure Adjective.- 2.2.2. MP's Do Not Occur as Direct Objects in Simple MP Sentences.- 2.2.3. MP's Cannot Be Omitted in Simple Sentences in Which They Are Not Direct Objects.- 3. Possible Underlying Structures of Simple MP Sentences.- 3.1. Underlying 'Hebben'.- 3.2. Underlying Adjective.- 3.3. Disadvantages of Underlying 'Hebben' and of Underlying Adjective.- 3.4. Underlying WITH String.- 4. Arguments for an Underlying WITH String.- 4.1. Generalization of Relative Clause Reduction.- 4.2. Comparing Different Languages.- 4.3. Possibility of Uniform Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 4.4. Non-Occurrence of Reduced Type II Sentences.- 4.5. Adjectives Corresponding to 'Met' Phrases.- 5. Recapitulation.- III. The Derivation of MP Sentences.- 1. Lexical Entries and Lexical Rules.- 2. When Does Reduction Occur?.- 2.1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 2.2. Reduction in 'Van' + MP Constructions.- 3. A Non-Existent Neutral Parameter Adjective.- 4. Treating 'Zijn' as an Affix.- 5. Base Rules and Entries.- 6. The Transformational Derivation of MP Sentences.- 6.1. Simple MP Sentences and Their Paraphrases.- 6.2. 'Van' + MP Constructions.- 6.3. Applied Amount Terms and Related Expressions.- 6.4. Embedding; Another Type of 'Van' Constructions; Post-lexical Rules.- 7. The Derivation of Measure Phrases.- 7.1. Unreduced Forms.- 7.2. Integer-Dependent and Integer-Independent Unit Nouns.- 7.3. Reduction in Measure Phrases.- 7.4. Recapitulation.- IV. Duration Sentences.- 1. 'Duren'.- 1.1. Double WITH Strings.- 1.1.1. A Comparison with 'Simple' Semicopulas and Related Structures.- 1.1.2. The Relationship between 'Duren' and 'Gedurende'.- 1.2. The Transformational Derivation of Duration MP Sentences Not Containing DMA's.- 1.2.1. Simple Duration MP Sentences.- 1.2.2. 'Van' + MP Constructions Referring to Duration 226 2. Other Complex Semicopulas.- V. Epilogue.
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