José Antonio Pero-Sanz Elorz, Daniel Fernández González, Luis Felipe Verdeja
Structural Materials
Properties and Selection
José Antonio Pero-Sanz Elorz, Daniel Fernández González, Luis Felipe Verdeja
Structural Materials
Properties and Selection
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The book covers the most important materials (naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites) to be used mainly as structural engineering materials. Their main applications based on the properties are described in the first chapters of the book: mechanical, physical and chemical. The second part of the book is dedicated to the conceptual design by properties for a certain structural application: stiffness, mechanical strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, creep, etc., taking into account the weight and the cost. One of the chapters of the second part of the book is focused on the heat…mehr
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The book covers the most important materials (naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites) to be used mainly as structural engineering materials. Their main applications based on the properties are described in the first chapters of the book: mechanical, physical and chemical. The second part of the book is dedicated to the conceptual design by properties for a certain structural application: stiffness, mechanical strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, creep, etc., taking into account the weight and the cost. One of the chapters of the second part of the book is focused on the heat treatments of steels in order to improve their resistance to fatigue. The book concludes with a critical comparison between materials considering their production, properties and cost, and the forecast about the utilization of the different fields of materials in structural applications.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Springer / Springer International Publishing / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-030-26163-4
- 1st ed. 2019
- Seitenzahl: 384
- Erscheinungstermin: 12. Oktober 2020
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 155mm x 20mm
- Gewicht: 693g
- ISBN-13: 9783030261634
- ISBN-10: 3030261638
- Artikelnr.: 60161484
- Verlag: Springer / Springer International Publishing / Springer, Berlin
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-030-26163-4
- 1st ed. 2019
- Seitenzahl: 384
- Erscheinungstermin: 12. Oktober 2020
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 235mm x 155mm x 20mm
- Gewicht: 693g
- ISBN-13: 9783030261634
- ISBN-10: 3030261638
- Artikelnr.: 60161484
José Antonio Pero-Sanz Elorz (1934-2012) had a Doctorate in Engineering from the University of Barcelona (Spain), was a founder member of the International Metallographic Society (USA), a fellow of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (UK) and Mêmbre d'Honneour de la Société Française de Métallurgie et des Matériaux. He was adviser on Physical Metallurgy matters for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) as well as for Arcelor Mittal-Europe and was member of the Conseil Scientifique des Usines Renault. He was the Responsible of Research and Development of the Group of Materials in the Oviedo and Madrid School of Mines and professor in both schools for more than 30 years. He has published several books: Materiales Metálicos. Solidificación, Diagramas, Transformaciones (Dossat, Madrid, 1988, ISBN: 84-237-0729-6); Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas (Dossat, Madrid, 1994, ISBN: 84-237-0822-5); Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales. Estructura, Transformaciones, Propiedades y Selección (5 editions, Dossat 2000, Madrid, 2000, ISBN: 84-95312-18-2); Aceros. Metalurgia Física, Selección y Diseño (Dossat 2000, Madrid, 2004, ISBN: 84-89656-54-1); Solidification and Solid-state Transformations of Metals and Alloys (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2017, ISBN: 978-0-12-812607-3); Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas (Pedeca Press Publicaciones S. L. U., Madrid, 2018, ISBN: 978-84-697-8834-9); Physical Metallurgy of Cast Irons (Springer International Publishing, Chem (Switzerland), 2018, ISBN ebook: 978-3-319-97313-5; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97313-5; ISBN hardcover: 978-3-319-97312-8). Daniel Fernández González (fernandezgdaniel@uniovi.es), Master in Mining Engineering and Materials Science and Technology from the University of Oviedo. Prize to the best end of degree project in the environmental field Gas Natural-Fenosa. Nowadays, he prepares his PhD. Student granted by the Spanish Government in the field of concentrated solar energy in metallurgy and materials. He is author of 15 articles in indexed journals, and he has published the books: Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas (Pedeca Press Publicaciones S. L. U., Madrid, 2018, ISBN: 978-84-697-8834-9), Physical Metallurgy of Cast Irons (Springer International Publishing, Chem (Switzerland), 2018, ISBN ebook: 978-3-319-97313-5; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97313-5; ISBN hardcover: 978-3-319-97312-8). He has participated in several research projects. Luis Felipe Verdeja González (lfv@uniovi.es) has a PhD in Chemical Sciences from the University of Oviedo, where he is a professor of Materials Science and head of the Siderurgy, Metals and Materials Group (Sid-Met-Mat). His research focuses in the application, maintenance, and wear of refractory linings in blast furnaces and other metal and steels production processes. He has published more than 100 articles, and has participated in more than 40 research projects (public and private). He has published 8 books: Ciencia de Materiales (Eléctricos) (Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, 1994, ISBN: 84-7468-804-3); Metalurgia Extractiva. Volumen I. Fundamentos (Síntesis, Madrid, 2000, ISBN: 84-7738-802-4); Metalurgia Extractiva. Volumen II. Procesos de Obtención (Síntesis, Madrid, 2000, ISBN: 84-7738-803-2); Prácticas y Problemas de Siderurgia (Fundación Luis Fernández Velasco, Oviedo, 2000, ISBN: 84-931202-2-7); Materiales Refractarios y Cerámicos (Síntesis, Madrid, 2008, ISBN: 978-84-975655-9-2); Refractory and Ceramic Materials (Síntesis, Madrid, 2014, ISBN: 978-84-907705-6-6); Solidification and Solid-state Transformations of Metals and Alloys (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2017, ISBN: 978-0-12-812607-3); Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas (Pedeca Press Publicaciones S. L. U., Madrid, 2018, ISBN: 978-84-697-8834-9); Physical Metallurgy of Cast Irons (Springer International Publishing, Chem (Switzerland), 2018, ISBN ebook: 978-3-319-97313-5; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97313-5; ISBN hardcover: 978-3-319-97312-8).
Endorsement
Prologue and acknowledgement.
0. Conversion of units.
1. Introduction to the structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.1. Structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.2. Structural materials: natural materials.
2. Structural materials: Metals.
2.1. Structural metallic materials.
2.2. Ellingham's diagram DeltaG°(T) for the formation of metallic oxides.
2.3. The five main metals.
2.3.1. Iron.
2.3.2. Aluminium.
2.3.3. Copper.
2.3.3.1. Pilling-Bedworth volume ratio.
2.3.4. Zinc.
2.3.5. Lead.
2.4. Metals whose annual production is around 2·106 tons.
2.4.1. Nickel.
2.4.2. Magnesium.
2.4.3. Tin.
2.5. Other twelve strategic metals.
2.5.1. Silicon.
2.5.2. Titanium.
2.5.3. Refractory metals.
2.5.4. Metals for the nuclear industry.
2.5.4.1. Zirconium.
2.5.4.2. Beryllium.
2.6. Precious metals.
3. Structural materials: Ceramics.
3.1. Structural materials: ceramics.
3.1.1. Simple crystalline structures in ceramics, intermetallics and semiconductors.
3.1.1.1. NaCl or sodium chloride structures.
3.1.1.2. CsCl structure.
3.1.1.3. Diamond structure.
3.1.1.4. ZnS structure (sphalerite).
3.1.1.5. Complex structures in ceramics: CaF2, Al2O3, SiO2.
3.1.1.6. Al2O3 structure (corundum).
3.1.1.7. Crystalline quartz structure.
3.2. Tough ceramics.
3.2.1. Toughness in refractories and ceramics.
3.2.2. Mechanical resistance in the ceramic materials.
3.3. The simple components of the refractory materials: SiO2, Al2O3, CaO.
3.3.1. Crystalline silica.
3.3.2. Silica glass.
3.3.3. Alumina, Al2O3. Alumina refractories.
3.3.4. The SiO2-Al2O3 binary system.
3.3.5. Silicon-based refractories.
3.3.6. Silica-alumina refractories (%Al2O3<46%) and alumina refractories (46%< %Al2O3<72%).
3.3.6.1. Silica-alumina based ceramics (%Al2O3<46%).
3.3.6.2. Alumina-based (between 46 and 72% of Al2O3) refractories.
3.3.7. Mullite refractories (75% Al2O3).
3.3.8. The lime, CaO.
3.3.9. SiO2-CaO binary diagram.
3.3.10. SiO2-Al2O3-CaO ternary system. Slags and refractories used in the obtaining of steels.
3.3.11. Basic slags.
3.3.12. Basic refractories.
3.3.13. Basicity index.
3.4. Engineering ceramics.
3.4.1. Refractoriness. Thermal shock resistance.
4. Organic polymers.
4.1. Introduction.
4.1.1. The Young's modulus in the polymers. Tensile test. Application.
4.2. Thermoplastic polymers.
4.3. Thermosetting polymers.
4.4. Elastomers.
4.5. Foams (expanded polymers).
4.6. Summary of properties of the organic polymers.
4.6.1. Viscoelastic behaviour and creep in polymers.
4.6.1.1. Stress relieving.
4.6.1.2. Creep.
5. Composites.
5.1. Introduction.
5.2. Polymeric matrix composites.
5.3. Metallic matrix composites.
5.3.1. The MMCs.
5.3.2. Other composites of metallic matrix.
5.4. Ceramic matrix composites.
5.4.1. The concrete.
5.4.2. Ceramics reinforced with fibres.
6. The selection of structural materials. Combined mechanical properties, charts for the selection of materials.
6.1. The selection of structural materials.
6.2. Combined mechanical properties. Charts for the selection of materials.
7. Materials for beams.
7.1. Materials for beams.
7.2. Geometry of the section and mechanical behaviour.
7.2.1. Geometry and stiffness (resistance to the elastic deformation).
7.2.2. Geometry and resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3. Comparison between materials for beams.
7.3.1. Minimization of the weight for equal stiffness.
7.3.2. Minimizing weight with equal resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3.3. Selection based on the risk of unstable failure.
8. Materials for columns and struts (compression-tension).
8.1. Materials for columns.
8.2. Geometry of the section and buckling.
8.3. Comparison between materials for columns.
9. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.1. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.2. Geometry and behaviour under pressure.
9.3. Materials for vessels.
9.3.1. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight for a particular stiffness.
9.3.2. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without plastic deformation (yielding).
9.3.3. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without risks of unstable failure.
10. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.1. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.2. Charts of materials and cost.
10.2.1. Other assumptions.
10.3. Section through multiple properties. Attributive analysis.
11. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.1. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.2. Heat treatments of steels.
11.2.1. The cooling in the heat treatments with previous austenization.
11.2.1.1. The TTT curve.
11.2.1.2. Heat-transfer factor of the cooling agent.
11.2.1.3. Round size (diameter).
11.2.2. Quenching.
11.2.3. Normalizing.
11.2.4. Full annealing.
11.2.5. Subcritical heat treatments.
11.2.5.1. Subcritical annealing.
11.2.6. Isothermal treatments.
11.2.6.1. Patenting.
11.2.6.2. Austempering.
11.2.6.3. Martempering.
11.2.7. Thermal-chemical treatments.
12. Considerations about the temperature in service and the behaviour of materials.
12.1. Considerations about the temperature in service and behaviour of materials.
13. Additional conclusions.
13.1. Additional conclusions.
13.2. Materials and materials science.
Bibliography.
Prologue and acknowledgement.
0. Conversion of units.
1. Introduction to the structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.1. Structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.2. Structural materials: natural materials.
2. Structural materials: Metals.
2.1. Structural metallic materials.
2.2. Ellingham's diagram DeltaG°(T) for the formation of metallic oxides.
2.3. The five main metals.
2.3.1. Iron.
2.3.2. Aluminium.
2.3.3. Copper.
2.3.3.1. Pilling-Bedworth volume ratio.
2.3.4. Zinc.
2.3.5. Lead.
2.4. Metals whose annual production is around 2·106 tons.
2.4.1. Nickel.
2.4.2. Magnesium.
2.4.3. Tin.
2.5. Other twelve strategic metals.
2.5.1. Silicon.
2.5.2. Titanium.
2.5.3. Refractory metals.
2.5.4. Metals for the nuclear industry.
2.5.4.1. Zirconium.
2.5.4.2. Beryllium.
2.6. Precious metals.
3. Structural materials: Ceramics.
3.1. Structural materials: ceramics.
3.1.1. Simple crystalline structures in ceramics, intermetallics and semiconductors.
3.1.1.1. NaCl or sodium chloride structures.
3.1.1.2. CsCl structure.
3.1.1.3. Diamond structure.
3.1.1.4. ZnS structure (sphalerite).
3.1.1.5. Complex structures in ceramics: CaF2, Al2O3, SiO2.
3.1.1.6. Al2O3 structure (corundum).
3.1.1.7. Crystalline quartz structure.
3.2. Tough ceramics.
3.2.1. Toughness in refractories and ceramics.
3.2.2. Mechanical resistance in the ceramic materials.
3.3. The simple components of the refractory materials: SiO2, Al2O3, CaO.
3.3.1. Crystalline silica.
3.3.2. Silica glass.
3.3.3. Alumina, Al2O3. Alumina refractories.
3.3.4. The SiO2-Al2O3 binary system.
3.3.5. Silicon-based refractories.
3.3.6. Silica-alumina refractories (%Al2O3<46%) and alumina refractories (46%< %Al2O3<72%).
3.3.6.1. Silica-alumina based ceramics (%Al2O3<46%).
3.3.6.2. Alumina-based (between 46 and 72% of Al2O3) refractories.
3.3.7. Mullite refractories (75% Al2O3).
3.3.8. The lime, CaO.
3.3.9. SiO2-CaO binary diagram.
3.3.10. SiO2-Al2O3-CaO ternary system. Slags and refractories used in the obtaining of steels.
3.3.11. Basic slags.
3.3.12. Basic refractories.
3.3.13. Basicity index.
3.4. Engineering ceramics.
3.4.1. Refractoriness. Thermal shock resistance.
4. Organic polymers.
4.1. Introduction.
4.1.1. The Young's modulus in the polymers. Tensile test. Application.
4.2. Thermoplastic polymers.
4.3. Thermosetting polymers.
4.4. Elastomers.
4.5. Foams (expanded polymers).
4.6. Summary of properties of the organic polymers.
4.6.1. Viscoelastic behaviour and creep in polymers.
4.6.1.1. Stress relieving.
4.6.1.2. Creep.
5. Composites.
5.1. Introduction.
5.2. Polymeric matrix composites.
5.3. Metallic matrix composites.
5.3.1. The MMCs.
5.3.2. Other composites of metallic matrix.
5.4. Ceramic matrix composites.
5.4.1. The concrete.
5.4.2. Ceramics reinforced with fibres.
6. The selection of structural materials. Combined mechanical properties, charts for the selection of materials.
6.1. The selection of structural materials.
6.2. Combined mechanical properties. Charts for the selection of materials.
7. Materials for beams.
7.1. Materials for beams.
7.2. Geometry of the section and mechanical behaviour.
7.2.1. Geometry and stiffness (resistance to the elastic deformation).
7.2.2. Geometry and resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3. Comparison between materials for beams.
7.3.1. Minimization of the weight for equal stiffness.
7.3.2. Minimizing weight with equal resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3.3. Selection based on the risk of unstable failure.
8. Materials for columns and struts (compression-tension).
8.1. Materials for columns.
8.2. Geometry of the section and buckling.
8.3. Comparison between materials for columns.
9. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.1. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.2. Geometry and behaviour under pressure.
9.3. Materials for vessels.
9.3.1. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight for a particular stiffness.
9.3.2. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without plastic deformation (yielding).
9.3.3. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without risks of unstable failure.
10. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.1. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.2. Charts of materials and cost.
10.2.1. Other assumptions.
10.3. Section through multiple properties. Attributive analysis.
11. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.1. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.2. Heat treatments of steels.
11.2.1. The cooling in the heat treatments with previous austenization.
11.2.1.1. The TTT curve.
11.2.1.2. Heat-transfer factor of the cooling agent.
11.2.1.3. Round size (diameter).
11.2.2. Quenching.
11.2.3. Normalizing.
11.2.4. Full annealing.
11.2.5. Subcritical heat treatments.
11.2.5.1. Subcritical annealing.
11.2.6. Isothermal treatments.
11.2.6.1. Patenting.
11.2.6.2. Austempering.
11.2.6.3. Martempering.
11.2.7. Thermal-chemical treatments.
12. Considerations about the temperature in service and the behaviour of materials.
12.1. Considerations about the temperature in service and behaviour of materials.
13. Additional conclusions.
13.1. Additional conclusions.
13.2. Materials and materials science.
Bibliography.
Endorsement
Prologue and acknowledgement.
0. Conversion of units.
1. Introduction to the structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.1. Structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.2. Structural materials: natural materials.
2. Structural materials: Metals.
2.1. Structural metallic materials.
2.2. Ellingham's diagram DeltaG°(T) for the formation of metallic oxides.
2.3. The five main metals.
2.3.1. Iron.
2.3.2. Aluminium.
2.3.3. Copper.
2.3.3.1. Pilling-Bedworth volume ratio.
2.3.4. Zinc.
2.3.5. Lead.
2.4. Metals whose annual production is around 2·106 tons.
2.4.1. Nickel.
2.4.2. Magnesium.
2.4.3. Tin.
2.5. Other twelve strategic metals.
2.5.1. Silicon.
2.5.2. Titanium.
2.5.3. Refractory metals.
2.5.4. Metals for the nuclear industry.
2.5.4.1. Zirconium.
2.5.4.2. Beryllium.
2.6. Precious metals.
3. Structural materials: Ceramics.
3.1. Structural materials: ceramics.
3.1.1. Simple crystalline structures in ceramics, intermetallics and semiconductors.
3.1.1.1. NaCl or sodium chloride structures.
3.1.1.2. CsCl structure.
3.1.1.3. Diamond structure.
3.1.1.4. ZnS structure (sphalerite).
3.1.1.5. Complex structures in ceramics: CaF2, Al2O3, SiO2.
3.1.1.6. Al2O3 structure (corundum).
3.1.1.7. Crystalline quartz structure.
3.2. Tough ceramics.
3.2.1. Toughness in refractories and ceramics.
3.2.2. Mechanical resistance in the ceramic materials.
3.3. The simple components of the refractory materials: SiO2, Al2O3, CaO.
3.3.1. Crystalline silica.
3.3.2. Silica glass.
3.3.3. Alumina, Al2O3. Alumina refractories.
3.3.4. The SiO2-Al2O3 binary system.
3.3.5. Silicon-based refractories.
3.3.6. Silica-alumina refractories (%Al2O3<46%) and alumina refractories (46%< %Al2O3<72%).
3.3.6.1. Silica-alumina based ceramics (%Al2O3<46%).
3.3.6.2. Alumina-based (between 46 and 72% of Al2O3) refractories.
3.3.7. Mullite refractories (75% Al2O3).
3.3.8. The lime, CaO.
3.3.9. SiO2-CaO binary diagram.
3.3.10. SiO2-Al2O3-CaO ternary system. Slags and refractories used in the obtaining of steels.
3.3.11. Basic slags.
3.3.12. Basic refractories.
3.3.13. Basicity index.
3.4. Engineering ceramics.
3.4.1. Refractoriness. Thermal shock resistance.
4. Organic polymers.
4.1. Introduction.
4.1.1. The Young's modulus in the polymers. Tensile test. Application.
4.2. Thermoplastic polymers.
4.3. Thermosetting polymers.
4.4. Elastomers.
4.5. Foams (expanded polymers).
4.6. Summary of properties of the organic polymers.
4.6.1. Viscoelastic behaviour and creep in polymers.
4.6.1.1. Stress relieving.
4.6.1.2. Creep.
5. Composites.
5.1. Introduction.
5.2. Polymeric matrix composites.
5.3. Metallic matrix composites.
5.3.1. The MMCs.
5.3.2. Other composites of metallic matrix.
5.4. Ceramic matrix composites.
5.4.1. The concrete.
5.4.2. Ceramics reinforced with fibres.
6. The selection of structural materials. Combined mechanical properties, charts for the selection of materials.
6.1. The selection of structural materials.
6.2. Combined mechanical properties. Charts for the selection of materials.
7. Materials for beams.
7.1. Materials for beams.
7.2. Geometry of the section and mechanical behaviour.
7.2.1. Geometry and stiffness (resistance to the elastic deformation).
7.2.2. Geometry and resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3. Comparison between materials for beams.
7.3.1. Minimization of the weight for equal stiffness.
7.3.2. Minimizing weight with equal resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3.3. Selection based on the risk of unstable failure.
8. Materials for columns and struts (compression-tension).
8.1. Materials for columns.
8.2. Geometry of the section and buckling.
8.3. Comparison between materials for columns.
9. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.1. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.2. Geometry and behaviour under pressure.
9.3. Materials for vessels.
9.3.1. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight for a particular stiffness.
9.3.2. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without plastic deformation (yielding).
9.3.3. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without risks of unstable failure.
10. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.1. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.2. Charts of materials and cost.
10.2.1. Other assumptions.
10.3. Section through multiple properties. Attributive analysis.
11. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.1. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.2. Heat treatments of steels.
11.2.1. The cooling in the heat treatments with previous austenization.
11.2.1.1. The TTT curve.
11.2.1.2. Heat-transfer factor of the cooling agent.
11.2.1.3. Round size (diameter).
11.2.2. Quenching.
11.2.3. Normalizing.
11.2.4. Full annealing.
11.2.5. Subcritical heat treatments.
11.2.5.1. Subcritical annealing.
11.2.6. Isothermal treatments.
11.2.6.1. Patenting.
11.2.6.2. Austempering.
11.2.6.3. Martempering.
11.2.7. Thermal-chemical treatments.
12. Considerations about the temperature in service and the behaviour of materials.
12.1. Considerations about the temperature in service and behaviour of materials.
13. Additional conclusions.
13.1. Additional conclusions.
13.2. Materials and materials science.
Bibliography.
Prologue and acknowledgement.
0. Conversion of units.
1. Introduction to the structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.1. Structural materials: naturals, metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
1.2. Structural materials: natural materials.
2. Structural materials: Metals.
2.1. Structural metallic materials.
2.2. Ellingham's diagram DeltaG°(T) for the formation of metallic oxides.
2.3. The five main metals.
2.3.1. Iron.
2.3.2. Aluminium.
2.3.3. Copper.
2.3.3.1. Pilling-Bedworth volume ratio.
2.3.4. Zinc.
2.3.5. Lead.
2.4. Metals whose annual production is around 2·106 tons.
2.4.1. Nickel.
2.4.2. Magnesium.
2.4.3. Tin.
2.5. Other twelve strategic metals.
2.5.1. Silicon.
2.5.2. Titanium.
2.5.3. Refractory metals.
2.5.4. Metals for the nuclear industry.
2.5.4.1. Zirconium.
2.5.4.2. Beryllium.
2.6. Precious metals.
3. Structural materials: Ceramics.
3.1. Structural materials: ceramics.
3.1.1. Simple crystalline structures in ceramics, intermetallics and semiconductors.
3.1.1.1. NaCl or sodium chloride structures.
3.1.1.2. CsCl structure.
3.1.1.3. Diamond structure.
3.1.1.4. ZnS structure (sphalerite).
3.1.1.5. Complex structures in ceramics: CaF2, Al2O3, SiO2.
3.1.1.6. Al2O3 structure (corundum).
3.1.1.7. Crystalline quartz structure.
3.2. Tough ceramics.
3.2.1. Toughness in refractories and ceramics.
3.2.2. Mechanical resistance in the ceramic materials.
3.3. The simple components of the refractory materials: SiO2, Al2O3, CaO.
3.3.1. Crystalline silica.
3.3.2. Silica glass.
3.3.3. Alumina, Al2O3. Alumina refractories.
3.3.4. The SiO2-Al2O3 binary system.
3.3.5. Silicon-based refractories.
3.3.6. Silica-alumina refractories (%Al2O3<46%) and alumina refractories (46%< %Al2O3<72%).
3.3.6.1. Silica-alumina based ceramics (%Al2O3<46%).
3.3.6.2. Alumina-based (between 46 and 72% of Al2O3) refractories.
3.3.7. Mullite refractories (75% Al2O3).
3.3.8. The lime, CaO.
3.3.9. SiO2-CaO binary diagram.
3.3.10. SiO2-Al2O3-CaO ternary system. Slags and refractories used in the obtaining of steels.
3.3.11. Basic slags.
3.3.12. Basic refractories.
3.3.13. Basicity index.
3.4. Engineering ceramics.
3.4.1. Refractoriness. Thermal shock resistance.
4. Organic polymers.
4.1. Introduction.
4.1.1. The Young's modulus in the polymers. Tensile test. Application.
4.2. Thermoplastic polymers.
4.3. Thermosetting polymers.
4.4. Elastomers.
4.5. Foams (expanded polymers).
4.6. Summary of properties of the organic polymers.
4.6.1. Viscoelastic behaviour and creep in polymers.
4.6.1.1. Stress relieving.
4.6.1.2. Creep.
5. Composites.
5.1. Introduction.
5.2. Polymeric matrix composites.
5.3. Metallic matrix composites.
5.3.1. The MMCs.
5.3.2. Other composites of metallic matrix.
5.4. Ceramic matrix composites.
5.4.1. The concrete.
5.4.2. Ceramics reinforced with fibres.
6. The selection of structural materials. Combined mechanical properties, charts for the selection of materials.
6.1. The selection of structural materials.
6.2. Combined mechanical properties. Charts for the selection of materials.
7. Materials for beams.
7.1. Materials for beams.
7.2. Geometry of the section and mechanical behaviour.
7.2.1. Geometry and stiffness (resistance to the elastic deformation).
7.2.2. Geometry and resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3. Comparison between materials for beams.
7.3.1. Minimization of the weight for equal stiffness.
7.3.2. Minimizing weight with equal resistance to the plastic deformation (yielding).
7.3.3. Selection based on the risk of unstable failure.
8. Materials for columns and struts (compression-tension).
8.1. Materials for columns.
8.2. Geometry of the section and buckling.
8.3. Comparison between materials for columns.
9. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.1. Materials for pressure vessels.
9.2. Geometry and behaviour under pressure.
9.3. Materials for vessels.
9.3.1. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight for a particular stiffness.
9.3.2. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without plastic deformation (yielding).
9.3.3. Spherical vessels. Minimum weight without risks of unstable failure.
10. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.1. The cost, factor for the selection of materials.
10.2. Charts of materials and cost.
10.2.1. Other assumptions.
10.3. Section through multiple properties. Attributive analysis.
11. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.1. Materials resistant to fatigue: Quenched and tempered steels.
11.2. Heat treatments of steels.
11.2.1. The cooling in the heat treatments with previous austenization.
11.2.1.1. The TTT curve.
11.2.1.2. Heat-transfer factor of the cooling agent.
11.2.1.3. Round size (diameter).
11.2.2. Quenching.
11.2.3. Normalizing.
11.2.4. Full annealing.
11.2.5. Subcritical heat treatments.
11.2.5.1. Subcritical annealing.
11.2.6. Isothermal treatments.
11.2.6.1. Patenting.
11.2.6.2. Austempering.
11.2.6.3. Martempering.
11.2.7. Thermal-chemical treatments.
12. Considerations about the temperature in service and the behaviour of materials.
12.1. Considerations about the temperature in service and behaviour of materials.
13. Additional conclusions.
13.1. Additional conclusions.
13.2. Materials and materials science.
Bibliography.