During the translation, the author had the opportunity to re view several chapters, taking into consideration the more recent literature. As far as possible all new theoretical concepts and experi mental data published before 1963 have been quoted and discussed under the theoretical viewpoint of this book. A new chapter "Passivity and Inhibition During High-Tempera ture Oxidation" was introduced. Section 4.8 was enlarged by a dis cussion of the transition from internal to external oxidation. The author very much appreciates the cooperation of the trans lator and of Plenum Press. Gottingen,…mehr
During the translation, the author had the opportunity to re view several chapters, taking into consideration the more recent literature. As far as possible all new theoretical concepts and experi mental data published before 1963 have been quoted and discussed under the theoretical viewpoint of this book. A new chapter "Passivity and Inhibition During High-Tempera ture Oxidation" was introduced. Section 4.8 was enlarged by a dis cussion of the transition from internal to external oxidation. The author very much appreciates the cooperation of the trans lator and of Plenum Press. Gottingen, April 1.965 Karl Hauffe v Preface The number of publications concerned with oxidation and cor rosion processes has become so copious that many engineers and scientists find it practically impossible to obtain an overall view of the growing body of knowledge and to bring order to the confusing multiplicity of experimental data. As a result the need for a compre hensive survey of the present state of research in this field has be come more and more urgent.
1. Introduction to the Reactions Between Oxidizing Gases and Metals and Alloys.- 2. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Processes in Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Crystals.- 2.1. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Stoichiometric Ionic Crystals.- 2.2. Defect Phenomena in Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals.- 2.3. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Regions Near the Surface of Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals.- 2.4. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Mechanisms in Metals.- 2.4.1. Vacancy Diffusion in Metals and Alloys.- 2.4.2. Interstitial Diffusion in Metals.- 2.4.3. Summary of Some Diffusion Data in Metals and Ionic Crystals Which are Important for the Oxidation of Alloys.- 2.4.4. Summary of Self-Diffusion Coefficients in Metals and Inorganic Solid Materials.- 2.4.5. Grain-Boundary and Surface Diffusion in Metal and Ionic Crystals.- 3. The Mechanism of Oxidation of Metals - Theory.- 3.1. Diffusion and Transport Processes in Scaling and Tarnishing Layers.- 3.2. The Wagner Theory of Oxidation.- 3.3. Diffusion and Scaling Coefficients.- 3.4. Calculation of the Absolute Oxidation Rate Constants of Metals for the Parabolic Rate Law.- 3.5. The Effect of Electric Fields on Metal Oxidation.- 3.5.1. Space-Charge Layers at Phase Boundaries.- 3.5.2. Transport Processes in Space-Charge Layers.- 3.5.3. Formation of Thin Tarnishing Layers - The Parabolic and Cubic Rate Law Caused by Participation of Field Transports.- 3.5.4. Formation of Very Thin Tarnishing Layers - The Logarithmic and Reciproc-Logarithmic Rate Laws.- 3.5.5. The Nonparabolic Tarnishing Law as a Result of Blocking and Cavity Formation at the Metal/Oxide Phase Boundary.- 4. Scaling Processes in Metals and Alloys with Formation of Thick Protective Layers.- 4.1. Scaling Systems with Ion-Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2. Scaling Systems with Electron-Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.1. Scaling Systems with p-Type Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.1.1. The Rate of Oxidation of Copper and Copper Alloys.- 4.2.1.2. The Rate of Oxidation of Nickel and Nickel Alloys.- 4.2.1.3. The Rate of Oxidation of Other Metals and Alloys with p-Type Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.2. Scaling Systems with n-Type Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.2.1. Rate of Oxidation of Zinc and Zinc Alloys.- 4.2.2.2. The Rate of Oxidation of Titanium and Titanium Alloys.- 4.2.2.3. The Oxidation Rate of Zirconium.- 4.2.2.4. The Oxidation Rate of Niobium.- 4.2.2.5. Other Scaling Systems with Probable n-Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.3. Catastrophic Oxidation.- 4.4. Scaling Systems with Rate-Determining Phase-Boundary Reactions.- 4.5. Scaling Systems with Protective Layers Containing Several Phases.- 4.5.1. Joint Parabolic and Linear Growth of Two Adjacent Oxide Layers.- 4.5.2. Passivity and Inhibition During High-Temperature Oxidation.- 4.6. Scaling of Iron Alloys.- 4.7. The Influence of Metal Diffusion in the Alloy Phase on the Scaling Rate.- 4.7.1. Formation of a Smooth Alloy/Scale Phase Boundary.- 4.7.2. Formation of a Rugged Alloy/Scale Phase Boundary.- 4.7.3. The Mechanism of the Formation of an Oxide Layer Consisting of Two Oxides.- 4.8. The Mechanism of Internal Oxidation of Alloys.- 5. The Mechanism of the Attack of Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds on Metals and Alloys.- 6. The Oxidation Mechanism of Metal-Carbon Alloys and Carbides.- 7. The Mechanism of Oxide Layer Formation in Aqueous Electrolytes.- 7.1. The Phenomenon of Passivity.- 7.2. The Mechanism of Passive Layer Formation on Metals and Alloys.- 7.2.1. The Theory of Passive Layer Formation on Metals.- 7.2.2. Formation and Structure of the Passive Layer.- 7.3. The Solution Current of Metals with Passive Layers.- 8. A Few Approved Methods of Measurement of Coating Growth.- 8.1. Use of the Microbalance in Oxidation Apparatus.- 8.2. Gas Volumetric and Manometric Methods for Measurement of the Oxidation Rate.- 8.3. Further Methods for the Measurement of the Thickness of Tarnishing Layers.- Author Index.
1. Introduction to the Reactions Between Oxidizing Gases and Metals and Alloys.- 2. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Processes in Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Crystals.- 2.1. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Stoichiometric Ionic Crystals.- 2.2. Defect Phenomena in Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals.- 2.3. Lattice Defect Phenomena in Regions Near the Surface of Nonstoichiometric Ionic Crystals.- 2.4. Lattice Defect Phenomena and Diffusion Mechanisms in Metals.- 2.4.1. Vacancy Diffusion in Metals and Alloys.- 2.4.2. Interstitial Diffusion in Metals.- 2.4.3. Summary of Some Diffusion Data in Metals and Ionic Crystals Which are Important for the Oxidation of Alloys.- 2.4.4. Summary of Self-Diffusion Coefficients in Metals and Inorganic Solid Materials.- 2.4.5. Grain-Boundary and Surface Diffusion in Metal and Ionic Crystals.- 3. The Mechanism of Oxidation of Metals - Theory.- 3.1. Diffusion and Transport Processes in Scaling and Tarnishing Layers.- 3.2. The Wagner Theory of Oxidation.- 3.3. Diffusion and Scaling Coefficients.- 3.4. Calculation of the Absolute Oxidation Rate Constants of Metals for the Parabolic Rate Law.- 3.5. The Effect of Electric Fields on Metal Oxidation.- 3.5.1. Space-Charge Layers at Phase Boundaries.- 3.5.2. Transport Processes in Space-Charge Layers.- 3.5.3. Formation of Thin Tarnishing Layers - The Parabolic and Cubic Rate Law Caused by Participation of Field Transports.- 3.5.4. Formation of Very Thin Tarnishing Layers - The Logarithmic and Reciproc-Logarithmic Rate Laws.- 3.5.5. The Nonparabolic Tarnishing Law as a Result of Blocking and Cavity Formation at the Metal/Oxide Phase Boundary.- 4. Scaling Processes in Metals and Alloys with Formation of Thick Protective Layers.- 4.1. Scaling Systems with Ion-Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2. Scaling Systems with Electron-Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.1. Scaling Systems with p-Type Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.1.1. The Rate of Oxidation of Copper and Copper Alloys.- 4.2.1.2. The Rate of Oxidation of Nickel and Nickel Alloys.- 4.2.1.3. The Rate of Oxidation of Other Metals and Alloys with p-Type Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.2. Scaling Systems with n-Type Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.2.2.1. Rate of Oxidation of Zinc and Zinc Alloys.- 4.2.2.2. The Rate of Oxidation of Titanium and Titanium Alloys.- 4.2.2.3. The Oxidation Rate of Zirconium.- 4.2.2.4. The Oxidation Rate of Niobium.- 4.2.2.5. Other Scaling Systems with Probable n-Conducting Protective Layers.- 4.3. Catastrophic Oxidation.- 4.4. Scaling Systems with Rate-Determining Phase-Boundary Reactions.- 4.5. Scaling Systems with Protective Layers Containing Several Phases.- 4.5.1. Joint Parabolic and Linear Growth of Two Adjacent Oxide Layers.- 4.5.2. Passivity and Inhibition During High-Temperature Oxidation.- 4.6. Scaling of Iron Alloys.- 4.7. The Influence of Metal Diffusion in the Alloy Phase on the Scaling Rate.- 4.7.1. Formation of a Smooth Alloy/Scale Phase Boundary.- 4.7.2. Formation of a Rugged Alloy/Scale Phase Boundary.- 4.7.3. The Mechanism of the Formation of an Oxide Layer Consisting of Two Oxides.- 4.8. The Mechanism of Internal Oxidation of Alloys.- 5. The Mechanism of the Attack of Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds on Metals and Alloys.- 6. The Oxidation Mechanism of Metal-Carbon Alloys and Carbides.- 7. The Mechanism of Oxide Layer Formation in Aqueous Electrolytes.- 7.1. The Phenomenon of Passivity.- 7.2. The Mechanism of Passive Layer Formation on Metals and Alloys.- 7.2.1. The Theory of Passive Layer Formation on Metals.- 7.2.2. Formation and Structure of the Passive Layer.- 7.3. The Solution Current of Metals with Passive Layers.- 8. A Few Approved Methods of Measurement of Coating Growth.- 8.1. Use of the Microbalance in Oxidation Apparatus.- 8.2. Gas Volumetric and Manometric Methods for Measurement of the Oxidation Rate.- 8.3. Further Methods for the Measurement of the Thickness of Tarnishing Layers.- Author Index.
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