Akira Ishimaru

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering

From Fundamentals to Applications

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Written by an expert in electromagnetic research, this book provides a thorough treatment of electromagnetic waves that delves into mathematical formulas, delta functions, matrix algebra, and optical theorems. Organized into two sections, the book covers the tenets of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering before illustrating its function in radiometry, geophysical remote sensing and imaging, and biomedical and signal processing applications. The text is intended for graduate students and practicing engineers.

Produktdetails

• IEEE/OUP Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory Vol.1
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 2. Aufl.
• Seitenzahl: 976
• Erscheinungstermin: November 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 56mm
• Gewicht: 1601g
• ISBN-13: 9781118098813
• ISBN-10: 1118098811
• Artikelnr.: 39177518

Autorenporträt

Akira Ishimaru, PhD, has served as a member-at-large of the U.S. National Committee (USNC) and was chairman of Commission B of the USNC/International Union of Radio Science. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Optical Society of America, the Acoustical Society of America and the Institute of Physics, U.K. He is also the recipient of numerous awards in his field. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Inhaltsangabe

CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix PREFACE xxi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 FUNDAMENTAL FIELD EQUATIONS 7 2.1 Maxwell's Equations
7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case
10 2.3 Constitutive Relations
11 2.4 Boundary Conditions
15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem
18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials
22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector
24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations
25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector
26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem
27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem
28 2.12 Acoustic Waves
30 Problems
33 3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case
35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
36 3.3 Polarization
37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization)
39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization)
43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection
44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media
47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary
50 3.9 Complex Waves
51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave
54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab
57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons
63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media
66 3.14 WKB Method
68 3.15 Bremmer Series
72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point
76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab
77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile
80 Problems
81 4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides
85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes
86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes
87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues
89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions
91 4.6 k-ß Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities
95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides
98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides
100 4.9 TEM Modes
104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide
106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers
109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers
116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides
117 4.14 Cavity Resonators
120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures
123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities
128 Problems
133 5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media
137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
144 5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions
145 5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation
150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method
155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide
157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder
159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere
163 Problems
166 6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169 6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem
169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution
173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation
176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation
182 6.6 Beam Waves
183 6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect
187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes
191 6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula
194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem
197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves
198 Problems
199 7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201 7.1 Floquet's Theorem
202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures
203 7.3 Periodic Layers
209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure
213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis
219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory
224 Problems
229 8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability
233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material
235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma
237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water
240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization
240 8.6 Mixing Formula
241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media
244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma
244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media
247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma
248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field
249 8.12 Faraday Rotation
253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field
255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere
256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium
257 8.16 Warm Plasma
259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma
261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor
263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite
266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites
267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media
270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media
272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects
276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies
278 Problems
280 9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals
285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions
289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops
292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings
296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution
301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas
305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions
308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna
313 Problems
314 10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude
318 10.2 Radar Equations
321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections
322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections
325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object
328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object
330 10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation)
334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters
338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light
341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix
342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering
344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body
346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation
347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications
350 Problems
354 11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder
357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder
361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder
364 11.4 Radiation Field
366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique
368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem
371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform
373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves
376 11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation
379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere
382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge
390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge
392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave
394 Problems
395 12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces
402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body
404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE
406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method)
408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix
414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces
416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case
418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case
423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies
426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen
427 12.11 Small Apertures
430 12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas
433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons
439 12.14 Related Problems
441 Problems
441 13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction
444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem
447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction
452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge
455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source
457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source
461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence
463 13.8 Curved Wedge
463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques
465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction
466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering
467 Problems
470 14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab
473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium
481 14.3 Strip Lines
485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers
492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers
496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers
500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers
502 Problems
506 15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem
509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth
510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air
514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique
517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand
519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave
521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem
524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration
528 15.9 Refracted Wave
536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole
538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media
541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation
545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation
549 Problems
550 PART II APPLICATIONS 553 16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography
555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform
559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography
561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering
567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem
570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere
572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation
575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization
578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature
580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter
582 Problems
584 17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587 17.1 Radiometry
587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density
588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature
589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer
592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface
594 17.6 System Temperature
598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature
600 17.8 Radar Range Equation
601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions
602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer
604 Problems
607 18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories
612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics
612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity
612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging
613 18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems
615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function
619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines
621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories
622 19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar
626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem
630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar
632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity
634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles
636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory
638 19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer
639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity
641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions
644 19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature
646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image
650 20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics
658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues
659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood
663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues
666 20.5 Photon Density Waves
670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry
672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues
677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood
680 21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and mu-epsilon Diagram
686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity
688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators
689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials
692 21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction
697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves
701 21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift
704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves
708 21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle
712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak
716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform
720 22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space
724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium
729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator)
731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space
735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)
739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)
739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique
740 23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence
743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence
746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case
748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog
750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas
751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media
752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation
753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function
754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence
756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum
759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening
760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening
761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index
762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator
765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media
771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering
774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects
779 24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence
786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces
787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization
789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations
791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation
793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement
794 24.7 Memory Effects
795 25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797 25.1 History
797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water
799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers
802 26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking
808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal
809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law
811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave
812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales
813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda
814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source
815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave
819 APPENDICES 821 REFERENCES 913 INDEX 929