LTE Advanced (eBook, PDF)
3GPP Solution for IMT-Advanced
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LTE Advanced (eBook, PDF)
3GPP Solution for IMT-Advanced
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From the editors of the highly successful LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, this new book examines the main technical enhancements brought by LTE-Advanced, thoroughly covering 3GPP Release 10 specifications and the main items in Release 11. Using illustrations, graphs and real-life scenarios, the authors systematically lead readers through this cutting-edge topic to provide an outlook on existing technologies as well as possible future developments. The book is structured to follow the main technical areas that will be enhanced by the LTE-Advanced specifications. The main topics covered…mehr
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From the editors of the highly successful LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, this new book examines the main technical enhancements brought by LTE-Advanced, thoroughly covering 3GPP Release 10 specifications and the main items in Release 11. Using illustrations, graphs and real-life scenarios, the authors systematically lead readers through this cutting-edge topic to provide an outlook on existing technologies as well as possible future developments. The book is structured to follow the main technical areas that will be enhanced by the LTE-Advanced specifications. The main topics covered include: Carrier Aggregation; Multiantenna MIMO Transmission, Heterogeneous Networks; Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP); Relay nodes; 3GPP milestones and IMT-Advanced process in ITU-R; and LTE-Advanced Performance Evaluation. Key features: * Leading author and editor team bring their expertise to the next generation of LTE technology * Includes tables, figures and plots illustrating the concepts or simulation results, to aid understanding of the topic, and enabling readers to be ahead of the technological advances
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 248
- Erscheinungstermin: 13. August 2012
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118399415
- Artikelnr.: 37346338
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 248
- Erscheinungstermin: 13. August 2012
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118399415
- Artikelnr.: 37346338
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala are both with Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN), Finland, working on cutting edge technologies for mobile communications today. They are actively involved with 3GPP Standardisation and product development.
List of Contributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of
Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1
Introduction 1 1.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 1 1.3 LTE
Capabilities 3 1.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 4 1.5 Traffic Growth 4
1.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 6 1.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 6 1.8 Summary 7 2
LTE-Advanced Standardization 8 Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2
LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 8 2.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 9 2.4
LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 10 2.5 Further LTE-Advanced
3GPP Releases 11 2.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 11 2.7 Conclusions 12
References 12 3 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14 Antti Toskala 3.1
Introduction 14 3.2 Physical Layer 14 3.3 Architecture 22 3.4 Protocols 23
3.5 EPC and IMS 26 3.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 27
3.7 Conclusions 28 References 29 4 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30 Mieszko
Chmiel and Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 Carrier Aggregation
Principle 30 4.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 33 4.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 38 4.5 Performance 42 4.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 46 4.7 Conclusions 48 Reference 49 5
Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50 Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and
Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction 50 5.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle
50 5.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 51 5.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 52 5.5 Performance 56 5.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 61 5.7 Conclusions 62 References 62 6
Downlink MIMO 63 Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala 6.1
Introduction 63 6.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 63 6.3 Protocol
Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 64 6.4 Physical Layer Impact from
Downlink MIMO 65 6.5 Performance 70 6.6 Conclusions 73 References 74 7
Uplink MIMO 75 Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala 7.1
Introduction 75 7.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 75 7.3 Protocol
Impacts from Uplink MIMO 76 7.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 77
7.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 77 7.4.2 MIMO Transmission for
Uplink Data 79 7.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 82
7.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 82 7.5 Performance 83 7.6
Conclusions 84 References 85 8 Heterogeneous Networks 86 Harri Holma,
Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen 8.1 Introduction 86 8.2 Base Station
Classes 87 8.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 89 8.3.1 Traffic
Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 90 8.3.2 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management in the Connected State 91 8.3.3 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 91 8.3.4 WiFi Offloading 92 8.4
Interference Management 94 8.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through
Frequency Reuse Patterns 96 8.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the
Frequency Domain 97 8.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time
Domain 98 8.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 101
8.5 Performance Results 101 8.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 102
8.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 105 8.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 107 8.7
Summary 108 References 108 9 Relays 110 Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and
Simone Redana 9.1 Introduction 110 9.2 General Overview 111 9.3 Physical
Layer 112 9.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 112 9.3.2 Sub-frames 113 9.3.3
Retransmissions 115 9.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 116 9.3.5 Relays in
TD-LTE 118 9.4 Architecture and Protocols 118 9.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration
with Relay Nodes 118 9.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 119 9.4.3 Packet
Header Structure in the Relay Interface 120 9.4.4 Attach Procedure 121
9.4.5 Handovers 121 9.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 122 9.5 Radio
Resource Management 124 9.6 Coverage and Capacity 125 9.6.1 Coverage Gain
126 9.6.2 User Throughput Gains 128 9.6.3 Cost Analysis 129 9.7 Relay
Enhancements 130 9.8 Summary 132 References 132 10 Self-Organizing Networks
(SON) 135 Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma 10.1 Introduction 135 10.2 SON
Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 135 10.3 Self-Optimization 137 10.3.1 Mobility
Robustness Optimization 137 10.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 142 10.3.3
Minimization of Drive Tests 142 10.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 144
10.3.5 Energy Savings 145 10.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 146 10.3.7 Capacity-Limited
Network 147 10.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 148 10.4 Self-Healing
150 10.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 150 10.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release
11 151 10.6 Summary 151 References 152 11 Performance Evaluation 153 Harri
Holma and Klaus Pedersen 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 LTE-Advanced Targets
154 11.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 155 11.3 LTE-Advanced Performance
Evaluation 156 11.3.1 Peak Data Rates 156 11.3.2 UE Categories 157 11.3.3
ITU Efficiency Evaluation 158 11.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 160 11.4
Network Capacity and Coverage 163 11.5 Summary 165 References 165 12
Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166 Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat
Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala 12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 166 12.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 168
12.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 169 12.3.2 Performance of
UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparison to MRC Receiver for Various DL
Transmit Modes 170 12.4 Machine Type Communications 172 12.5 Carrier
Aggregation Enhancements 177 12.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 179
12.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 181 12.8 Conclusions 183 References
183 13 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184 Harri Holma,
Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang
13.1 Introduction 184 13.2 CoMP Concept 184 13.3 Radio Network Architecture
Options 187 13.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 190 13.4.1 Enablers for
Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 191 13.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 192
13.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 194 13.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 194 13.6
Downlink CoMP Gains 198 13.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 201 13.8 CoMP Field Trials
204 13.9 Summary 205 References 205 14 HSPA Evolution 206 Harri Holma and
Karri Ranta-aho 14.1 Introduction 206 14.2 Multicarrier Evolution 206 14.3
Multiantenna Evolution 208 14.4 Multiflow Transmission 211 14.5 Small
Packet Efficiency 213 14.6 Voice Evolution 215 14.6.1 Adaptive Multirate
Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 215 14.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 215 14.6.3 CS
Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 215 14.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
(SR-VCC) 215 14.7 Advanced Receivers 215 14.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 215
14.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 216 14.8 Flat Architecture 217 14.9 LTE
Interworking 218 14.10 Summary 218 References 219 Index 221
Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1
Introduction 1 1.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 1 1.3 LTE
Capabilities 3 1.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 4 1.5 Traffic Growth 4
1.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 6 1.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 6 1.8 Summary 7 2
LTE-Advanced Standardization 8 Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2
LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 8 2.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 9 2.4
LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 10 2.5 Further LTE-Advanced
3GPP Releases 11 2.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 11 2.7 Conclusions 12
References 12 3 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14 Antti Toskala 3.1
Introduction 14 3.2 Physical Layer 14 3.3 Architecture 22 3.4 Protocols 23
3.5 EPC and IMS 26 3.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 27
3.7 Conclusions 28 References 29 4 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30 Mieszko
Chmiel and Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 Carrier Aggregation
Principle 30 4.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 33 4.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 38 4.5 Performance 42 4.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 46 4.7 Conclusions 48 Reference 49 5
Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50 Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and
Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction 50 5.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle
50 5.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 51 5.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 52 5.5 Performance 56 5.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 61 5.7 Conclusions 62 References 62 6
Downlink MIMO 63 Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala 6.1
Introduction 63 6.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 63 6.3 Protocol
Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 64 6.4 Physical Layer Impact from
Downlink MIMO 65 6.5 Performance 70 6.6 Conclusions 73 References 74 7
Uplink MIMO 75 Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala 7.1
Introduction 75 7.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 75 7.3 Protocol
Impacts from Uplink MIMO 76 7.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 77
7.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 77 7.4.2 MIMO Transmission for
Uplink Data 79 7.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 82
7.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 82 7.5 Performance 83 7.6
Conclusions 84 References 85 8 Heterogeneous Networks 86 Harri Holma,
Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen 8.1 Introduction 86 8.2 Base Station
Classes 87 8.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 89 8.3.1 Traffic
Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 90 8.3.2 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management in the Connected State 91 8.3.3 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 91 8.3.4 WiFi Offloading 92 8.4
Interference Management 94 8.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through
Frequency Reuse Patterns 96 8.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the
Frequency Domain 97 8.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time
Domain 98 8.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 101
8.5 Performance Results 101 8.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 102
8.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 105 8.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 107 8.7
Summary 108 References 108 9 Relays 110 Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and
Simone Redana 9.1 Introduction 110 9.2 General Overview 111 9.3 Physical
Layer 112 9.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 112 9.3.2 Sub-frames 113 9.3.3
Retransmissions 115 9.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 116 9.3.5 Relays in
TD-LTE 118 9.4 Architecture and Protocols 118 9.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration
with Relay Nodes 118 9.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 119 9.4.3 Packet
Header Structure in the Relay Interface 120 9.4.4 Attach Procedure 121
9.4.5 Handovers 121 9.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 122 9.5 Radio
Resource Management 124 9.6 Coverage and Capacity 125 9.6.1 Coverage Gain
126 9.6.2 User Throughput Gains 128 9.6.3 Cost Analysis 129 9.7 Relay
Enhancements 130 9.8 Summary 132 References 132 10 Self-Organizing Networks
(SON) 135 Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma 10.1 Introduction 135 10.2 SON
Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 135 10.3 Self-Optimization 137 10.3.1 Mobility
Robustness Optimization 137 10.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 142 10.3.3
Minimization of Drive Tests 142 10.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 144
10.3.5 Energy Savings 145 10.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 146 10.3.7 Capacity-Limited
Network 147 10.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 148 10.4 Self-Healing
150 10.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 150 10.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release
11 151 10.6 Summary 151 References 152 11 Performance Evaluation 153 Harri
Holma and Klaus Pedersen 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 LTE-Advanced Targets
154 11.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 155 11.3 LTE-Advanced Performance
Evaluation 156 11.3.1 Peak Data Rates 156 11.3.2 UE Categories 157 11.3.3
ITU Efficiency Evaluation 158 11.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 160 11.4
Network Capacity and Coverage 163 11.5 Summary 165 References 165 12
Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166 Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat
Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala 12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 166 12.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 168
12.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 169 12.3.2 Performance of
UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparison to MRC Receiver for Various DL
Transmit Modes 170 12.4 Machine Type Communications 172 12.5 Carrier
Aggregation Enhancements 177 12.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 179
12.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 181 12.8 Conclusions 183 References
183 13 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184 Harri Holma,
Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang
13.1 Introduction 184 13.2 CoMP Concept 184 13.3 Radio Network Architecture
Options 187 13.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 190 13.4.1 Enablers for
Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 191 13.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 192
13.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 194 13.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 194 13.6
Downlink CoMP Gains 198 13.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 201 13.8 CoMP Field Trials
204 13.9 Summary 205 References 205 14 HSPA Evolution 206 Harri Holma and
Karri Ranta-aho 14.1 Introduction 206 14.2 Multicarrier Evolution 206 14.3
Multiantenna Evolution 208 14.4 Multiflow Transmission 211 14.5 Small
Packet Efficiency 213 14.6 Voice Evolution 215 14.6.1 Adaptive Multirate
Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 215 14.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 215 14.6.3 CS
Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 215 14.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
(SR-VCC) 215 14.7 Advanced Receivers 215 14.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 215
14.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 216 14.8 Flat Architecture 217 14.9 LTE
Interworking 218 14.10 Summary 218 References 219 Index 221
List of Contributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of
Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1
Introduction 1 1.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 1 1.3 LTE
Capabilities 3 1.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 4 1.5 Traffic Growth 4
1.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 6 1.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 6 1.8 Summary 7 2
LTE-Advanced Standardization 8 Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2
LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 8 2.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 9 2.4
LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 10 2.5 Further LTE-Advanced
3GPP Releases 11 2.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 11 2.7 Conclusions 12
References 12 3 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14 Antti Toskala 3.1
Introduction 14 3.2 Physical Layer 14 3.3 Architecture 22 3.4 Protocols 23
3.5 EPC and IMS 26 3.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 27
3.7 Conclusions 28 References 29 4 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30 Mieszko
Chmiel and Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 Carrier Aggregation
Principle 30 4.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 33 4.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 38 4.5 Performance 42 4.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 46 4.7 Conclusions 48 Reference 49 5
Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50 Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and
Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction 50 5.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle
50 5.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 51 5.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 52 5.5 Performance 56 5.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 61 5.7 Conclusions 62 References 62 6
Downlink MIMO 63 Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala 6.1
Introduction 63 6.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 63 6.3 Protocol
Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 64 6.4 Physical Layer Impact from
Downlink MIMO 65 6.5 Performance 70 6.6 Conclusions 73 References 74 7
Uplink MIMO 75 Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala 7.1
Introduction 75 7.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 75 7.3 Protocol
Impacts from Uplink MIMO 76 7.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 77
7.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 77 7.4.2 MIMO Transmission for
Uplink Data 79 7.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 82
7.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 82 7.5 Performance 83 7.6
Conclusions 84 References 85 8 Heterogeneous Networks 86 Harri Holma,
Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen 8.1 Introduction 86 8.2 Base Station
Classes 87 8.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 89 8.3.1 Traffic
Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 90 8.3.2 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management in the Connected State 91 8.3.3 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 91 8.3.4 WiFi Offloading 92 8.4
Interference Management 94 8.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through
Frequency Reuse Patterns 96 8.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the
Frequency Domain 97 8.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time
Domain 98 8.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 101
8.5 Performance Results 101 8.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 102
8.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 105 8.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 107 8.7
Summary 108 References 108 9 Relays 110 Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and
Simone Redana 9.1 Introduction 110 9.2 General Overview 111 9.3 Physical
Layer 112 9.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 112 9.3.2 Sub-frames 113 9.3.3
Retransmissions 115 9.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 116 9.3.5 Relays in
TD-LTE 118 9.4 Architecture and Protocols 118 9.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration
with Relay Nodes 118 9.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 119 9.4.3 Packet
Header Structure in the Relay Interface 120 9.4.4 Attach Procedure 121
9.4.5 Handovers 121 9.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 122 9.5 Radio
Resource Management 124 9.6 Coverage and Capacity 125 9.6.1 Coverage Gain
126 9.6.2 User Throughput Gains 128 9.6.3 Cost Analysis 129 9.7 Relay
Enhancements 130 9.8 Summary 132 References 132 10 Self-Organizing Networks
(SON) 135 Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma 10.1 Introduction 135 10.2 SON
Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 135 10.3 Self-Optimization 137 10.3.1 Mobility
Robustness Optimization 137 10.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 142 10.3.3
Minimization of Drive Tests 142 10.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 144
10.3.5 Energy Savings 145 10.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 146 10.3.7 Capacity-Limited
Network 147 10.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 148 10.4 Self-Healing
150 10.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 150 10.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release
11 151 10.6 Summary 151 References 152 11 Performance Evaluation 153 Harri
Holma and Klaus Pedersen 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 LTE-Advanced Targets
154 11.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 155 11.3 LTE-Advanced Performance
Evaluation 156 11.3.1 Peak Data Rates 156 11.3.2 UE Categories 157 11.3.3
ITU Efficiency Evaluation 158 11.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 160 11.4
Network Capacity and Coverage 163 11.5 Summary 165 References 165 12
Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166 Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat
Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala 12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 166 12.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 168
12.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 169 12.3.2 Performance of
UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparison to MRC Receiver for Various DL
Transmit Modes 170 12.4 Machine Type Communications 172 12.5 Carrier
Aggregation Enhancements 177 12.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 179
12.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 181 12.8 Conclusions 183 References
183 13 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184 Harri Holma,
Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang
13.1 Introduction 184 13.2 CoMP Concept 184 13.3 Radio Network Architecture
Options 187 13.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 190 13.4.1 Enablers for
Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 191 13.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 192
13.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 194 13.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 194 13.6
Downlink CoMP Gains 198 13.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 201 13.8 CoMP Field Trials
204 13.9 Summary 205 References 205 14 HSPA Evolution 206 Harri Holma and
Karri Ranta-aho 14.1 Introduction 206 14.2 Multicarrier Evolution 206 14.3
Multiantenna Evolution 208 14.4 Multiflow Transmission 211 14.5 Small
Packet Efficiency 213 14.6 Voice Evolution 215 14.6.1 Adaptive Multirate
Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 215 14.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 215 14.6.3 CS
Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 215 14.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
(SR-VCC) 215 14.7 Advanced Receivers 215 14.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 215
14.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 216 14.8 Flat Architecture 217 14.9 LTE
Interworking 218 14.10 Summary 218 References 219 Index 221
Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1
Introduction 1 1.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 1 1.3 LTE
Capabilities 3 1.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 4 1.5 Traffic Growth 4
1.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 6 1.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 6 1.8 Summary 7 2
LTE-Advanced Standardization 8 Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2
LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 8 2.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 9 2.4
LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 10 2.5 Further LTE-Advanced
3GPP Releases 11 2.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 11 2.7 Conclusions 12
References 12 3 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14 Antti Toskala 3.1
Introduction 14 3.2 Physical Layer 14 3.3 Architecture 22 3.4 Protocols 23
3.5 EPC and IMS 26 3.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 27
3.7 Conclusions 28 References 29 4 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30 Mieszko
Chmiel and Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 Carrier Aggregation
Principle 30 4.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 33 4.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 38 4.5 Performance 42 4.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 46 4.7 Conclusions 48 Reference 49 5
Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50 Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and
Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction 50 5.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle
50 5.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 51 5.4 Physical
Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 52 5.5 Performance 56 5.6 Band
Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 61 5.7 Conclusions 62 References 62 6
Downlink MIMO 63 Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala 6.1
Introduction 63 6.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 63 6.3 Protocol
Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 64 6.4 Physical Layer Impact from
Downlink MIMO 65 6.5 Performance 70 6.6 Conclusions 73 References 74 7
Uplink MIMO 75 Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala 7.1
Introduction 75 7.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 75 7.3 Protocol
Impacts from Uplink MIMO 76 7.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 77
7.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 77 7.4.2 MIMO Transmission for
Uplink Data 79 7.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 82
7.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 82 7.5 Performance 83 7.6
Conclusions 84 References 85 8 Heterogeneous Networks 86 Harri Holma,
Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen 8.1 Introduction 86 8.2 Base Station
Classes 87 8.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 89 8.3.1 Traffic
Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 90 8.3.2 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management in the Connected State 91 8.3.3 Traffic Steering
and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 91 8.3.4 WiFi Offloading 92 8.4
Interference Management 94 8.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through
Frequency Reuse Patterns 96 8.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the
Frequency Domain 97 8.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time
Domain 98 8.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 101
8.5 Performance Results 101 8.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 102
8.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 105 8.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 107 8.7
Summary 108 References 108 9 Relays 110 Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and
Simone Redana 9.1 Introduction 110 9.2 General Overview 111 9.3 Physical
Layer 112 9.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 112 9.3.2 Sub-frames 113 9.3.3
Retransmissions 115 9.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 116 9.3.5 Relays in
TD-LTE 118 9.4 Architecture and Protocols 118 9.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration
with Relay Nodes 118 9.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 119 9.4.3 Packet
Header Structure in the Relay Interface 120 9.4.4 Attach Procedure 121
9.4.5 Handovers 121 9.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 122 9.5 Radio
Resource Management 124 9.6 Coverage and Capacity 125 9.6.1 Coverage Gain
126 9.6.2 User Throughput Gains 128 9.6.3 Cost Analysis 129 9.7 Relay
Enhancements 130 9.8 Summary 132 References 132 10 Self-Organizing Networks
(SON) 135 Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma 10.1 Introduction 135 10.2 SON
Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 135 10.3 Self-Optimization 137 10.3.1 Mobility
Robustness Optimization 137 10.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 142 10.3.3
Minimization of Drive Tests 142 10.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 144
10.3.5 Energy Savings 145 10.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 146 10.3.7 Capacity-Limited
Network 147 10.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 148 10.4 Self-Healing
150 10.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 150 10.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release
11 151 10.6 Summary 151 References 152 11 Performance Evaluation 153 Harri
Holma and Klaus Pedersen 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 LTE-Advanced Targets
154 11.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 155 11.3 LTE-Advanced Performance
Evaluation 156 11.3.1 Peak Data Rates 156 11.3.2 UE Categories 157 11.3.3
ITU Efficiency Evaluation 158 11.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 160 11.4
Network Capacity and Coverage 163 11.5 Summary 165 References 165 12
Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166 Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat
Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala 12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 166 12.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 168
12.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 169 12.3.2 Performance of
UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparison to MRC Receiver for Various DL
Transmit Modes 170 12.4 Machine Type Communications 172 12.5 Carrier
Aggregation Enhancements 177 12.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 179
12.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 181 12.8 Conclusions 183 References
183 13 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184 Harri Holma,
Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang
13.1 Introduction 184 13.2 CoMP Concept 184 13.3 Radio Network Architecture
Options 187 13.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 190 13.4.1 Enablers for
Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 191 13.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 192
13.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 194 13.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 194 13.6
Downlink CoMP Gains 198 13.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 201 13.8 CoMP Field Trials
204 13.9 Summary 205 References 205 14 HSPA Evolution 206 Harri Holma and
Karri Ranta-aho 14.1 Introduction 206 14.2 Multicarrier Evolution 206 14.3
Multiantenna Evolution 208 14.4 Multiflow Transmission 211 14.5 Small
Packet Efficiency 213 14.6 Voice Evolution 215 14.6.1 Adaptive Multirate
Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 215 14.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 215 14.6.3 CS
Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 215 14.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
(SR-VCC) 215 14.7 Advanced Receivers 215 14.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 215
14.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 216 14.8 Flat Architecture 217 14.9 LTE
Interworking 218 14.10 Summary 218 References 219 Index 221