Monica G. Turner, Robert H. Gardner

Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice (eBook, PDF)

Pattern and Process

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

This work provides in-depth analysis of the origins of landscape ecology and its close alignment with the understanding of scale, the causes of landscape pattern, and the interactions of spatial pattern with a variety of ecological processes. The text covers the quantitative approaches that are applied widely in landscape studies, with emphasis on their appropriate use and interpretation.

The field of landscape ecology has grown rapidly during this period, its concepts and methods have matured, and the published literature has increased exponentially. Landscape research has enhanced understanding of the causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity and how these vary with scale, and they have influenced the management of natural and human-dominated landscapes. Landscape ecology is now considered mainstream, and the approaches are widely used in many branches of ecology and are applied not only in terrestrial settings but also in aquatic and marine systems. In response to these rapid developments, an updated edition of Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice provides a synthetic overview of landscape ecology, including its development, the methods and techniques that are employed, the major questions addressed, and the insights that have been gained."

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer-Verlag GmbH
• Seitenzahl: 482
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. Oktober 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781493927944
• Artikelnr.: 44599296

Autorenporträt

Monica G. Turner

Eugene P. Odum Professor of Ecology

Department of Zoology

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Madison, WI 53706

[e-mail]

Tel. [phone]

Robert H. Gardner

Professor Emeritus

Appalachian Lab

University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science

Frostburg, MD 21532

[e-mail]

Tel. [phone]

Inhaltsangabe

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction to Landscape Ecology and Scale

What is Landscape Ecology?

Roots of Landscape Ecology

Intellectual Foundations of Landscape Ecology

Landscape Ecology Matures

Scale and Heterogeneity

Scale Terminology

Hierarchy Theory and Cross-scale Interactions

Upscaling and Downscaling

Objectives of this Book

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 2. Causes of Landscape Pattern

Four Key Drivers of Landscape Pattern

The Abiotic Template

Biotic Interactions

Human Land Use

Disturbance and Succession

Landscape Legacies and the Role of History

Why is it Still Difficult to Explain and Predict Landscape Change?

Multivariate Interacting Drivers

Thresholds and Nonlinearites

Social-ecological Systems

Limited Ability to Perform Exeriments

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 3. Introduction to Models

What are Models and Why do we use them?

What is a Model?

Why Landscape Ecologists Need Models

Strategy for Developing Models

Define the Problem and Develop a Conceptual Model

Tactics for Making the Model Work

Neutral Landscape Models

Neutral Models in Ecology

Neutral Models in Landscape Ecology

Insights and Applications of NLMs

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 4. Landscape Metrics

Why Quantify Pattern?

Data Used in Landscape Analyses

A Comment on Spatial Data Accuracy

Caveats for Landscape Pattern Analysis, or "READ THIS FIRST"

#1 The Classification Scheme is Critical

#2 Scale Matters and Must be Defined

#3 A Patch is not a Patch

#4 Many Metrics are Correlated with one Another (and thus Redundant)

#5 There is no Single, Magic Metric

Metrics for Quantifying Landscape Pattern

Metrics of Landscape Composition

Metrics of Spatial Configuration

Fractals

Measures of Landscape Texture

Measures of Landscape Connectivity

Landscape Metrics: What is the State of the Science?

What Constitutes a "Significant" Difference in Landscape Pattern?

Making Sense out of Multiple Metrics

Metrics and Landscape Indicators

Some Additional Practical Advice and Parting Words

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 5. Spatial Statistics

Why do Landscape Ecologists use Spatial Statistics?

Spatial Independence

Nature of Spatial Structure

Spatial Interpolation

Caveats for Using Spatial Statistics, or "READ THIS FIRST"

#1 The Spatial Dependence in Landscape Data must be Characterized and Considered

#2 Spatial Autocorrelation is Not Always a Problem

#3 Coincidence of Scales of Spatial Dependence Among Multiple Variables does not Prove Causality

#4 Scale Always Matters

#5 Stationarity is an Important Assumption in Many Spatial Statistical Analyses

#6 Interpreting Spatial Statistics is both a Science and an Art

Point Pattern Analysis

Autocorrelation and Variography

Spatial Autocorrelation

Variography

Cross-correlograms and Co-variograms

Optimized Sampling Designs for Spatial Statistics

Examples of Spatial Statistics in Landscape Ecology

Selected Software Resources for Spatial Statistics

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 6. Landscape Disturbance Dynamics

Disturbance and Disturbance Regimes

Effects of Landscape Heterogeneity on Disturbance

Landscape Position and Vulnerability to Disturbance

Effects of Landscape Heterogeneity on Spread of Disturbance

Landscape Epidemiology

Effects of Disturbance on Landscape Heterogeneity

The Disturbance-generated Mosaic

Disturbance and Spatial Patterns of Succession

Integrating Disturbance and Succession in Space and Time

Disturbance and the Historic Range of Variability

Concepts of Landscape Equilibrium

Looking Ahead: Interacting Disturbances and Changing Disturbance Regimes

Compound and Linked Disturbances

Changes in Climate and Disturbance Regimes

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 7. Organisms and Landscape Pattern

Conceptual Development of Organism-Space Interactions

What is Habitat?

Behavioral Landscape Ecology

Scale Matters

Effects of Organisms on Landscape Heterogeneity

Responses of Organisms to Landscape Heterogeneity

General Insights, from Patch to Landscape

Landscape Heterogeneity and Species Interactions

Predator-prey Interactions

Natural Enemies and Pollination in Agricultural Landscapes

Community Structure

Landscape Ecology of Species Invasions

Landscape Genetics

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 8. Ecosystem Processes in Heterogeneous Landscapes

Conceptual Frameworks - Ecosystem Processes in Heterogeneous Landscapes

Theoretical Development

A Practical Framework

Point Processes (Vertical Fluxes)

Biomass, Net Primary Production and Carbon

Landscape Biogeochemistry

Landscape Limnology

Lateral Fluxes (Horizontal Transport)

Redistribution of Litter and Organic Matter

Nutrient Loading to Aquatic Ecosystems

Mobile Animals and Species Interactions

State of the Science: Challenges and Opportunities

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 9. Landscape Dynamics in a Rapidly Changing World

Landscape Indicators

Climate Change

Migration in Response to Climate Change

Climate Effects on Disturbances

Land-use Change and Landscape Scenarios

Landscape Scenarios

Land-use Synthesis

Ecosystem Services and Landscape Sustainability

Landscape Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Services

Interactions Among Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity

Ecosystem Services: Synthesis

Summary

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Chapter 10. Conclusions and Future Directions

What Has Been Learned from Landscape Ecology?

Future Directions

Future Directions Revisited from the 1^st Edition

Looking Ahead

Training the Next Generation of Landscape Ecologists

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Recommended Readings

Rezensionen

"The book is still structured in a series of chapters well arranged both for a thorough introduction to the field and for an upper-level undergraduate or graduate university course. Each chapter concludes with a set of discussion questions and suggestions for further reading. ... I will be using this new edition in my landscape ecology class in the fall, and I suspect many others will be as well." (Joshua J. Lawler, Ecology, Vol. 98 (8), August, 2017)

"'Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice' is probably the most comprehensive and updated textbook in landscape ecology available today. It will provide a wonderful introduction to the core landscape principles and concepts for graduate and undergraduate students, but also for more experienced researchers and practitioners that need a review of the most relevant and recent knowledge in the field. This book will be useful not only to ecologists, but also for students from other fields ... ." (Jean Paul Metzger, LandscapeEcology, Vol. 32, 2017)

"This much-revised second edition reflects the burgeoning literature and new ideas in the intervening years. ... The book is primarily directed to students in ecology, but conservation biology, resource management, landscape architecture and land planning will also find topics of interest here. ... it undoubtedly a fine piece of work by two leading ecologists that deserves to be read and savoured by anyone with an interest in the field of landscape ecology." (The Bulletin, Vol. 47 (2), June, 2016)