John Vincent

The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Chromium (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Chromium exists in nature as complexes of two stable oxidation states - trivalent chromium(III) and hexavalent chromium(VI). Although trivalent chromium is required in trace amounts for sugar and lipid metabolism in humans and its deficiency may cause a disease called chromium deficiency; hexavalent chromium is toxic and carcinogenic. As chromium compounds were used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in soil and groundwater at abandoned industrial sites, now needing environmental cleanup and remediation. The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Chromium: From Biochemistry to Environmental Toxicology takes a critical look at what the biochemical data indicate about chromium's role in the body and the biological mechanisms of its toxicology. Topics covered include: * What do we know about the biochemical roles and mechanisms of chromium? * Is chromium an essential element in the mammalian diet? * Is chromium(III) effective as a nutraceutical, a therapeutic agent, and as a supplement in animal feed? * What is the biochemistry behind the toxicology of chromium(III) and chromium(VI):the mechanisms of metabolism, genetic and epigenetic effects, and disruption of cell signalling? * What are the current chromium(VI) policies and positions from regulatory agencies? The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Chromium: From Biochemistry to Environmental Toxicology is an important contribution to the bioinorganic and trace element biochemical fields which will find a place on the bookshelves of bioinorganic chemists, biochemists, inorganic chemists, toxicologists, nutritionists and regulatory affairs professionals.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 240
• Erscheinungstermin: 2. Oktober 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118458839
• Artikelnr.: 37346586

Autorenporträt

Professor John B. Vincent, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, USA Professor Vincent has been working in the area of the bioinorganic chemistry of chromium(III) for nearly 20 years. He has ~125 peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, review articles, and books and 9 patents. He has recently completed a general chemistry laboratory manual for Pearson/Prentice Hall; the second edition of this manual will appear in early 2010. He has presented his research on chromium at numerous regional, national, and international meetings. Professor Diane M. Stearns, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, USA Professor Stearns is a metal toxicologist and has been working in the field of inorganic biochemistry and metal toxicology for over 20 years. She has been teaching graduate courses in toxicology, biochemistry, and cancer biology for over 12 years. She has published 23 peer-reviewed research articles and 8 invited reviews and book chapters on metals. She has presented results of metal toxicology research at numerous scientific conferences and invited seminars.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction - The Current Status of
Chromium(III) 1 References 5 2 Is Chromium Essential? The Evidence 7 2.1
'Chromium-Deficient' Diet Studies with Rats 9 2.2 Total Parenteral
Nutrition 11 2.3 Chromium Absorption Versus Intake and the Transport of
Chromium by Transferrin 12 2.4 Chromium Movement Related to Stresses 21
References 25 3 The Story of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) 31 3.1 The
'Identification' of GTF 31 3.2 Brewer's Yeast 'GTF' 35 3.3 Biological
Activity Assays 39 3.4 Porcine Kidney Powder 'GTF' 40 3.5 Other Questions
Regarding 'GTF' 40 3.6 Conclusions about GTF 41 3.7 The Race to Synthesize
a Model of 'GTF' 42 3.8 Related Animal Studies 43 References 48 4 Is
Chromium Effective as a Nutraceutical? 55 4.1 Chromium Picolinate
Absorption 55 4.2 History of Chromium Picolinate as a Nutritional
Supplement 57 4.3 Chromium Picolinate Toxic Effects? 73 4.4 Inorganic
Chemistry of Chromium Picolinate 73 References 75 5 Is Chromium(III)
Effective as a Therapeutic Agent? 81 5.1 Human Studies 85 5.1.1 Type 2
Diabetes 85 5.1.2 Subjects with Insulin Resistance or Glucose Intolerance
98 5.1.3 Other Forms of Diabetes 98 5.1.4 Atypical Depression and Related
Conditions 99 5.1.5 HIV and PCOS 101 5.2 Rat Studies 102 5.3 Conclusion 114
References 115 6 Biochemical Mechanisms 125 6.1 The Insulin Signalling
Pathway 125 6.2 Chromium Transport and Excretion 127 6.3 LMWCr/Chromodulin
132 6.4 Synthetic Models of LMWCr 144 6.5 Proposed Mechanisms of Chromium
Action 149 6.5.1 Direct Chromium Binding to Insulin Receptor 149 6.5.2 Akt
151 6.5.3 Cholesterol 152 6.5.4 Chromate 152 6.5.5 Cytokines 154 6.5.6
Insulin Receptor Number 155 6.6 Comparison of Cell Culture Studies by Cell
Type 155 6.6.1 Skeletal Muscle 155 6.6.2 Hepatocytes 156 6.6.3 Adipocytes
156 6.7 Conclusion 158 References 159 7 Menagerie of Chromium Supplements
169 7.1 Chromium Picolinate 169 7.2 Chromium Nicotinate (or Chromium
Polynicotinate) 170 7.3 Chromium Histidine 172 7.4 Chromium454 173 7.5
Chromium Nanoparticles 173 7.6 Chromium Small Peptide Complexes (CrSP) 174
7.7 Dinakrome 174 7.8 Chromium(D-phenylalanine)3 174 7.9 Chromium
Nicotinate Glycinate (or Chromium Dinicotinate Glycinate) 175 7.10 Chromium
Pidolate 175 7.11 Chromium Methionine or Chromium Methionine Chelate 176
7.12 Cr3/Kemtrace 176 7.13 Closing Thoughts 179 References 179 8 Potential
Use of Chromium in the Farm Livestock Industry 189 8.1 Previous Reviews 189
8.2 Approved Use of Chromium Supplements 191 8.3 Safety 191 8.4 Conclusions
192 References 192 9 Toxicology of Chromium(III) 195 9.1 Chromium
Picolinate 198 9.1.1 Ames Assays 198 9.1.2 Cultured Mammalian Cells 199
9.1.3 Drosophila Studies 200 9.1.4 Mammalian Studies (Intravenous or
Intraperitoneal) 201 9.1.5 Mammalian Studies (Oral) 202 9.1.6 Neurological
Effects 204 9.1.7 In Vitro Studies 204 9.1.8 Reconciling In Vitro and In
Vivo Studies 205 9.2 Chromium Nicotinate 207 9.3 Cr3/Kemtrace 208 9.4
Conclusions 208 References 209 Conclusion 215 Index 217