Sedat Tardu
Transport and Coherent Structures in Wall Turbulence (eBook, ePUB)
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Sedat Tardu
Transport and Coherent Structures in Wall Turbulence (eBook, ePUB)
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Wall bounded turbulent flows are of major importance in industrial and environmental fluid mechanics. The structure of the wall turbulence is intrinsically related to the coherent structures that play a fundamental role in the transport process. The comprehension of their regeneration mechanism is indispensable for the development of efficient strategies in terms of drag control and near wall turbulence management. This book provides an up-to-date overview on the progress made in this specific area in recent years.
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Wall bounded turbulent flows are of major importance in industrial and environmental fluid mechanics. The structure of the wall turbulence is intrinsically related to the coherent structures that play a fundamental role in the transport process. The comprehension of their regeneration mechanism is indispensable for the development of efficient strategies in terms of drag control and near wall turbulence management. This book provides an up-to-date overview on the progress made in this specific area in recent years.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 496
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. September 2014
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118576779
- Artikelnr.: 41502085
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 496
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. September 2014
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118576779
- Artikelnr.: 41502085
Sedat TARDU is Associate Professor at Grenoble University in France where he teaches turbulent shear flows, heat transfer, fluid dynamics and chaos. His research area includes canonical and non-canonical wall turbulence, active and passive control of near-wall turbulence, unsteady wall layers, mixing and micro mixing and microfluidics. He has been a visiting researcher in several universities (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Imperial College London, Beihang Un. Beijing). He is the author of more than 250 papers in peer-reviewed journals, and international conferences as well as several chapters in books.
Chapter 1: Introduction and basic concepts Chapter 2: Transport in wall bounded turbulent flows (Reynolds shear stress transport equations, rapid and slow terms, pressure fluctuations) Chapter 3: Dissipation (Kolmogoroff scale distribution near the wall; Modeling dissipation in the inner layer; Zero-crossings and Liepmann scale. Chapter 4: Closures (one and multi point closures in wall bounded turbulent flows) Chapter 5: Wall coherent structures and their detection (historical outline of the discovery of wall coherence, streaks, quasi-streamwise vortices, one point detection (VITA, u, modified u-level and quadrant analysis, conditional averaging, Q2 and Lambda2 techniques). Chapter 6: Genesis of coherent wall structures (streak instability, regeneration of wall quasi-streamwise vortices, self-sustaining mechanism, quasi-deterministic approach) Chapter 7: Packets and very large structures (regeneration of packets of quasi-streamwise vortices and their amalgamation into very large outer structures; their comprehension and dynamical impact on the wall turbulence). Chapter 8: Dynamical system approach to wall turbulence (proper orthogonal decomposition, low order wall models, chaotic synchronization with impact to wall turbulence control).
INTRODUCTION xi MAIN NOTATIONS xv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL POINTS 1 1.1.
Introduction 1 1.2. General equations 2 1.2.1. Eulerian relations 2 1.3.
Notations 5 1.4. Reynolds equations 5 1.5. Exact relations in a fully
developed turbulent channel flow 7 1.6. Equations for a turbulent boundary
layer 12 1.7. Scales in a wall-bounded turbulent flow 14 1.8. Eddy
viscosity closures 15 1.9. Turbulent intensities of the velocity components
32 1.10. Fine structure 38 1.11. Vorticity 42 1.11.1. Characteristics of
vorticity field near to the wall 45 1.11.2. Turbulent intensities of the
fluctuating vorticity components 52 CHAPTER 2. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN WALL
TURBULENCE 55 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Transport equations 56 2.3. Models
of return to isotropy 63 2.4. Transport of turbulent kinetic energy 66 2.5.
Transport of the velocity gradient 73 2.6. Transport of the Reynolds stress
-uv 75 2.7. Effects of the Reynolds number on transport 77 2.8. Dissipation
82 2.8.1. Dissipation of kinetic energy 82 2.8.2. Dissipation linked to the
transport equations for the Reynolds stresses 87 2.9. Pressure 92 2.9.1.
Wall pressure 93 2.9.2. Spectral density 95 2.9.3. Decomposition into slow
and rapid components 101 2.10. Anisotropy 113 2.11. Rapid distortion 121
CHAPTER 3. NEAR-WALL COHERENT STRUCTURES: HISTORY, IDENTIFICATION AND
DETECTION 129 3.1. Introduction 129 3.2. History 130 3.3. Single-point
Eulerian detection 136 3.3.1. Detection in quadrant II 139 3.3.2. Detection
by the u-level (u-l) 143 3.3.3. Detection by VITA and VISA 144 3.4.
Stochastic estimation 148 3.5. Wavelets and wall turbulence 153 3.6.
Critical points and topology 154 3.6.1. Critical points 154 3.6.2.
Application of the concept of critical points to the topology of turbulence
157 3.6.3. Extension of the detection Q -" 165 3.6.4. A few significant
results relating to the topology of wall turbulence 169 3.7. Pressure field
and vortices 176 3.8. Vorticity and vortices 179 3.9. Transport of
invariants 182 3.10. "Lambda-2" criterion 186 3.11. Relations between the
topological invariants and the technique 188 3.12. Summary 192 3.13.
Lagrangian detection 194 CHAPTER 4. COHERENT WALL STRUCTURES: DYNAMICS AND
CONTRIBUTION TO TURBULENT ACTIVITY 199 4.1. Introduction 199 4.2.
Structural morphology of wall turbulence. Quasi-streamwise vortices or
hairpin vortices? 200 4.3. Frequency distribution of energetic events in
the inner sublayer 205 4.4. Quadrant-based structure of the Reynolds shear
stress 212 4.5. Streaks 215 4.6. Wavelet analysis, at low Reynolds numbers,
of the vorticity layers surrounding the streaks 221 4.7. Effect of coherent
structures on local wall friction 226 4.8. Effect of coherent structures on
wall pressure 234 4.9. Active and passive structures 235 4.10. Particle
trajectories: Lagrangian approach 245 4.10.1. Lagrangian description and
transport by turbulent diffusion 245 4.10.2. Lagrangian description of
transport by energetic events 248 4.11. Dynamical systems approach 257
4.11.1. Karhunen-Loève series 258 4.11.2. POD and wall turbulence 259
4.11.3. Chaotic synchronization 264 CHAPTER 5. REGENERATION AND
SELF-MAINTAINING OF COHERENT STRUCTURES 273 5.1. Introduction 273 5.2.
Consensual structural elements 274 5.3. Conceptual models 275 5.3.1. Oseen
vortex in a 2D mean shear 275 5.3.2. Synthetic wall turbulence 284 5.3.3.
Viscous response of the flow to the convection of a vortex structure near
to the wall 289 5.4. Generation of streaks and inner shear layers:
simplified theoretical models 297 5.5. Elongated structures and streak
formation 303 5.6. Regeneration of vortex structures. Observations deduced
from direct numerical simulations 305 5.7. Stability of streaks 317 5.7.1.
Linear stability 317 5.7.2. Statistics in the inner layer 325 5.7.3.
Transient growth and algebraic growth 326 5.7.4. Bypass transition 335
5.7.5. Transient growth and bypass transition of the streaks 342 5.7.6.
Nonlinear transient growth 348 5.8. Instability of streaks, their
repercussions and self-maintaining of structures 351 5.9. Triggering of the
mechanism 358 5.10. Formation of arch vortices. Generation of new
streamwise structures 359 5.11. Discussion 360 5.12. A heuristic model 363
CHAPTER 6. LARGE- AND VERY LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES 373 6.1. Introduction 373
6.2. Clusters of coherent structures 374 6.2.1. History 374 6.3.
Characteristics of packets of structures at moderate Reynolds numbers 379
6.4. Kinematic consequences of coherent clustering of structures 381 6.5.
Regeneration of the packets 389 6.6. Clustering of packets. Very
large-scale motions 394 6.7. Amplitude modulation by very large-scale
motions 398 6.8. Dynamic role of very large-scale motions 410 BIBLIOGRAPHY
423 INDEX 455
Introduction 1 1.2. General equations 2 1.2.1. Eulerian relations 2 1.3.
Notations 5 1.4. Reynolds equations 5 1.5. Exact relations in a fully
developed turbulent channel flow 7 1.6. Equations for a turbulent boundary
layer 12 1.7. Scales in a wall-bounded turbulent flow 14 1.8. Eddy
viscosity closures 15 1.9. Turbulent intensities of the velocity components
32 1.10. Fine structure 38 1.11. Vorticity 42 1.11.1. Characteristics of
vorticity field near to the wall 45 1.11.2. Turbulent intensities of the
fluctuating vorticity components 52 CHAPTER 2. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN WALL
TURBULENCE 55 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Transport equations 56 2.3. Models
of return to isotropy 63 2.4. Transport of turbulent kinetic energy 66 2.5.
Transport of the velocity gradient 73 2.6. Transport of the Reynolds stress
-uv 75 2.7. Effects of the Reynolds number on transport 77 2.8. Dissipation
82 2.8.1. Dissipation of kinetic energy 82 2.8.2. Dissipation linked to the
transport equations for the Reynolds stresses 87 2.9. Pressure 92 2.9.1.
Wall pressure 93 2.9.2. Spectral density 95 2.9.3. Decomposition into slow
and rapid components 101 2.10. Anisotropy 113 2.11. Rapid distortion 121
CHAPTER 3. NEAR-WALL COHERENT STRUCTURES: HISTORY, IDENTIFICATION AND
DETECTION 129 3.1. Introduction 129 3.2. History 130 3.3. Single-point
Eulerian detection 136 3.3.1. Detection in quadrant II 139 3.3.2. Detection
by the u-level (u-l) 143 3.3.3. Detection by VITA and VISA 144 3.4.
Stochastic estimation 148 3.5. Wavelets and wall turbulence 153 3.6.
Critical points and topology 154 3.6.1. Critical points 154 3.6.2.
Application of the concept of critical points to the topology of turbulence
157 3.6.3. Extension of the detection Q -" 165 3.6.4. A few significant
results relating to the topology of wall turbulence 169 3.7. Pressure field
and vortices 176 3.8. Vorticity and vortices 179 3.9. Transport of
invariants 182 3.10. "Lambda-2" criterion 186 3.11. Relations between the
topological invariants and the technique 188 3.12. Summary 192 3.13.
Lagrangian detection 194 CHAPTER 4. COHERENT WALL STRUCTURES: DYNAMICS AND
CONTRIBUTION TO TURBULENT ACTIVITY 199 4.1. Introduction 199 4.2.
Structural morphology of wall turbulence. Quasi-streamwise vortices or
hairpin vortices? 200 4.3. Frequency distribution of energetic events in
the inner sublayer 205 4.4. Quadrant-based structure of the Reynolds shear
stress 212 4.5. Streaks 215 4.6. Wavelet analysis, at low Reynolds numbers,
of the vorticity layers surrounding the streaks 221 4.7. Effect of coherent
structures on local wall friction 226 4.8. Effect of coherent structures on
wall pressure 234 4.9. Active and passive structures 235 4.10. Particle
trajectories: Lagrangian approach 245 4.10.1. Lagrangian description and
transport by turbulent diffusion 245 4.10.2. Lagrangian description of
transport by energetic events 248 4.11. Dynamical systems approach 257
4.11.1. Karhunen-Loève series 258 4.11.2. POD and wall turbulence 259
4.11.3. Chaotic synchronization 264 CHAPTER 5. REGENERATION AND
SELF-MAINTAINING OF COHERENT STRUCTURES 273 5.1. Introduction 273 5.2.
Consensual structural elements 274 5.3. Conceptual models 275 5.3.1. Oseen
vortex in a 2D mean shear 275 5.3.2. Synthetic wall turbulence 284 5.3.3.
Viscous response of the flow to the convection of a vortex structure near
to the wall 289 5.4. Generation of streaks and inner shear layers:
simplified theoretical models 297 5.5. Elongated structures and streak
formation 303 5.6. Regeneration of vortex structures. Observations deduced
from direct numerical simulations 305 5.7. Stability of streaks 317 5.7.1.
Linear stability 317 5.7.2. Statistics in the inner layer 325 5.7.3.
Transient growth and algebraic growth 326 5.7.4. Bypass transition 335
5.7.5. Transient growth and bypass transition of the streaks 342 5.7.6.
Nonlinear transient growth 348 5.8. Instability of streaks, their
repercussions and self-maintaining of structures 351 5.9. Triggering of the
mechanism 358 5.10. Formation of arch vortices. Generation of new
streamwise structures 359 5.11. Discussion 360 5.12. A heuristic model 363
CHAPTER 6. LARGE- AND VERY LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES 373 6.1. Introduction 373
6.2. Clusters of coherent structures 374 6.2.1. History 374 6.3.
Characteristics of packets of structures at moderate Reynolds numbers 379
6.4. Kinematic consequences of coherent clustering of structures 381 6.5.
Regeneration of the packets 389 6.6. Clustering of packets. Very
large-scale motions 394 6.7. Amplitude modulation by very large-scale
motions 398 6.8. Dynamic role of very large-scale motions 410 BIBLIOGRAPHY
423 INDEX 455
Chapter 1: Introduction and basic concepts Chapter 2: Transport in wall bounded turbulent flows (Reynolds shear stress transport equations, rapid and slow terms, pressure fluctuations) Chapter 3: Dissipation (Kolmogoroff scale distribution near the wall; Modeling dissipation in the inner layer; Zero-crossings and Liepmann scale. Chapter 4: Closures (one and multi point closures in wall bounded turbulent flows) Chapter 5: Wall coherent structures and their detection (historical outline of the discovery of wall coherence, streaks, quasi-streamwise vortices, one point detection (VITA, u, modified u-level and quadrant analysis, conditional averaging, Q2 and Lambda2 techniques). Chapter 6: Genesis of coherent wall structures (streak instability, regeneration of wall quasi-streamwise vortices, self-sustaining mechanism, quasi-deterministic approach) Chapter 7: Packets and very large structures (regeneration of packets of quasi-streamwise vortices and their amalgamation into very large outer structures; their comprehension and dynamical impact on the wall turbulence). Chapter 8: Dynamical system approach to wall turbulence (proper orthogonal decomposition, low order wall models, chaotic synchronization with impact to wall turbulence control).
INTRODUCTION xi MAIN NOTATIONS xv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL POINTS 1 1.1.
Introduction 1 1.2. General equations 2 1.2.1. Eulerian relations 2 1.3.
Notations 5 1.4. Reynolds equations 5 1.5. Exact relations in a fully
developed turbulent channel flow 7 1.6. Equations for a turbulent boundary
layer 12 1.7. Scales in a wall-bounded turbulent flow 14 1.8. Eddy
viscosity closures 15 1.9. Turbulent intensities of the velocity components
32 1.10. Fine structure 38 1.11. Vorticity 42 1.11.1. Characteristics of
vorticity field near to the wall 45 1.11.2. Turbulent intensities of the
fluctuating vorticity components 52 CHAPTER 2. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN WALL
TURBULENCE 55 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Transport equations 56 2.3. Models
of return to isotropy 63 2.4. Transport of turbulent kinetic energy 66 2.5.
Transport of the velocity gradient 73 2.6. Transport of the Reynolds stress
-uv 75 2.7. Effects of the Reynolds number on transport 77 2.8. Dissipation
82 2.8.1. Dissipation of kinetic energy 82 2.8.2. Dissipation linked to the
transport equations for the Reynolds stresses 87 2.9. Pressure 92 2.9.1.
Wall pressure 93 2.9.2. Spectral density 95 2.9.3. Decomposition into slow
and rapid components 101 2.10. Anisotropy 113 2.11. Rapid distortion 121
CHAPTER 3. NEAR-WALL COHERENT STRUCTURES: HISTORY, IDENTIFICATION AND
DETECTION 129 3.1. Introduction 129 3.2. History 130 3.3. Single-point
Eulerian detection 136 3.3.1. Detection in quadrant II 139 3.3.2. Detection
by the u-level (u-l) 143 3.3.3. Detection by VITA and VISA 144 3.4.
Stochastic estimation 148 3.5. Wavelets and wall turbulence 153 3.6.
Critical points and topology 154 3.6.1. Critical points 154 3.6.2.
Application of the concept of critical points to the topology of turbulence
157 3.6.3. Extension of the detection Q -" 165 3.6.4. A few significant
results relating to the topology of wall turbulence 169 3.7. Pressure field
and vortices 176 3.8. Vorticity and vortices 179 3.9. Transport of
invariants 182 3.10. "Lambda-2" criterion 186 3.11. Relations between the
topological invariants and the technique 188 3.12. Summary 192 3.13.
Lagrangian detection 194 CHAPTER 4. COHERENT WALL STRUCTURES: DYNAMICS AND
CONTRIBUTION TO TURBULENT ACTIVITY 199 4.1. Introduction 199 4.2.
Structural morphology of wall turbulence. Quasi-streamwise vortices or
hairpin vortices? 200 4.3. Frequency distribution of energetic events in
the inner sublayer 205 4.4. Quadrant-based structure of the Reynolds shear
stress 212 4.5. Streaks 215 4.6. Wavelet analysis, at low Reynolds numbers,
of the vorticity layers surrounding the streaks 221 4.7. Effect of coherent
structures on local wall friction 226 4.8. Effect of coherent structures on
wall pressure 234 4.9. Active and passive structures 235 4.10. Particle
trajectories: Lagrangian approach 245 4.10.1. Lagrangian description and
transport by turbulent diffusion 245 4.10.2. Lagrangian description of
transport by energetic events 248 4.11. Dynamical systems approach 257
4.11.1. Karhunen-Loève series 258 4.11.2. POD and wall turbulence 259
4.11.3. Chaotic synchronization 264 CHAPTER 5. REGENERATION AND
SELF-MAINTAINING OF COHERENT STRUCTURES 273 5.1. Introduction 273 5.2.
Consensual structural elements 274 5.3. Conceptual models 275 5.3.1. Oseen
vortex in a 2D mean shear 275 5.3.2. Synthetic wall turbulence 284 5.3.3.
Viscous response of the flow to the convection of a vortex structure near
to the wall 289 5.4. Generation of streaks and inner shear layers:
simplified theoretical models 297 5.5. Elongated structures and streak
formation 303 5.6. Regeneration of vortex structures. Observations deduced
from direct numerical simulations 305 5.7. Stability of streaks 317 5.7.1.
Linear stability 317 5.7.2. Statistics in the inner layer 325 5.7.3.
Transient growth and algebraic growth 326 5.7.4. Bypass transition 335
5.7.5. Transient growth and bypass transition of the streaks 342 5.7.6.
Nonlinear transient growth 348 5.8. Instability of streaks, their
repercussions and self-maintaining of structures 351 5.9. Triggering of the
mechanism 358 5.10. Formation of arch vortices. Generation of new
streamwise structures 359 5.11. Discussion 360 5.12. A heuristic model 363
CHAPTER 6. LARGE- AND VERY LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES 373 6.1. Introduction 373
6.2. Clusters of coherent structures 374 6.2.1. History 374 6.3.
Characteristics of packets of structures at moderate Reynolds numbers 379
6.4. Kinematic consequences of coherent clustering of structures 381 6.5.
Regeneration of the packets 389 6.6. Clustering of packets. Very
large-scale motions 394 6.7. Amplitude modulation by very large-scale
motions 398 6.8. Dynamic role of very large-scale motions 410 BIBLIOGRAPHY
423 INDEX 455
Introduction 1 1.2. General equations 2 1.2.1. Eulerian relations 2 1.3.
Notations 5 1.4. Reynolds equations 5 1.5. Exact relations in a fully
developed turbulent channel flow 7 1.6. Equations for a turbulent boundary
layer 12 1.7. Scales in a wall-bounded turbulent flow 14 1.8. Eddy
viscosity closures 15 1.9. Turbulent intensities of the velocity components
32 1.10. Fine structure 38 1.11. Vorticity 42 1.11.1. Characteristics of
vorticity field near to the wall 45 1.11.2. Turbulent intensities of the
fluctuating vorticity components 52 CHAPTER 2. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN WALL
TURBULENCE 55 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Transport equations 56 2.3. Models
of return to isotropy 63 2.4. Transport of turbulent kinetic energy 66 2.5.
Transport of the velocity gradient 73 2.6. Transport of the Reynolds stress
-uv 75 2.7. Effects of the Reynolds number on transport 77 2.8. Dissipation
82 2.8.1. Dissipation of kinetic energy 82 2.8.2. Dissipation linked to the
transport equations for the Reynolds stresses 87 2.9. Pressure 92 2.9.1.
Wall pressure 93 2.9.2. Spectral density 95 2.9.3. Decomposition into slow
and rapid components 101 2.10. Anisotropy 113 2.11. Rapid distortion 121
CHAPTER 3. NEAR-WALL COHERENT STRUCTURES: HISTORY, IDENTIFICATION AND
DETECTION 129 3.1. Introduction 129 3.2. History 130 3.3. Single-point
Eulerian detection 136 3.3.1. Detection in quadrant II 139 3.3.2. Detection
by the u-level (u-l) 143 3.3.3. Detection by VITA and VISA 144 3.4.
Stochastic estimation 148 3.5. Wavelets and wall turbulence 153 3.6.
Critical points and topology 154 3.6.1. Critical points 154 3.6.2.
Application of the concept of critical points to the topology of turbulence
157 3.6.3. Extension of the detection Q -" 165 3.6.4. A few significant
results relating to the topology of wall turbulence 169 3.7. Pressure field
and vortices 176 3.8. Vorticity and vortices 179 3.9. Transport of
invariants 182 3.10. "Lambda-2" criterion 186 3.11. Relations between the
topological invariants and the technique 188 3.12. Summary 192 3.13.
Lagrangian detection 194 CHAPTER 4. COHERENT WALL STRUCTURES: DYNAMICS AND
CONTRIBUTION TO TURBULENT ACTIVITY 199 4.1. Introduction 199 4.2.
Structural morphology of wall turbulence. Quasi-streamwise vortices or
hairpin vortices? 200 4.3. Frequency distribution of energetic events in
the inner sublayer 205 4.4. Quadrant-based structure of the Reynolds shear
stress 212 4.5. Streaks 215 4.6. Wavelet analysis, at low Reynolds numbers,
of the vorticity layers surrounding the streaks 221 4.7. Effect of coherent
structures on local wall friction 226 4.8. Effect of coherent structures on
wall pressure 234 4.9. Active and passive structures 235 4.10. Particle
trajectories: Lagrangian approach 245 4.10.1. Lagrangian description and
transport by turbulent diffusion 245 4.10.2. Lagrangian description of
transport by energetic events 248 4.11. Dynamical systems approach 257
4.11.1. Karhunen-Loève series 258 4.11.2. POD and wall turbulence 259
4.11.3. Chaotic synchronization 264 CHAPTER 5. REGENERATION AND
SELF-MAINTAINING OF COHERENT STRUCTURES 273 5.1. Introduction 273 5.2.
Consensual structural elements 274 5.3. Conceptual models 275 5.3.1. Oseen
vortex in a 2D mean shear 275 5.3.2. Synthetic wall turbulence 284 5.3.3.
Viscous response of the flow to the convection of a vortex structure near
to the wall 289 5.4. Generation of streaks and inner shear layers:
simplified theoretical models 297 5.5. Elongated structures and streak
formation 303 5.6. Regeneration of vortex structures. Observations deduced
from direct numerical simulations 305 5.7. Stability of streaks 317 5.7.1.
Linear stability 317 5.7.2. Statistics in the inner layer 325 5.7.3.
Transient growth and algebraic growth 326 5.7.4. Bypass transition 335
5.7.5. Transient growth and bypass transition of the streaks 342 5.7.6.
Nonlinear transient growth 348 5.8. Instability of streaks, their
repercussions and self-maintaining of structures 351 5.9. Triggering of the
mechanism 358 5.10. Formation of arch vortices. Generation of new
streamwise structures 359 5.11. Discussion 360 5.12. A heuristic model 363
CHAPTER 6. LARGE- AND VERY LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES 373 6.1. Introduction 373
6.2. Clusters of coherent structures 374 6.2.1. History 374 6.3.
Characteristics of packets of structures at moderate Reynolds numbers 379
6.4. Kinematic consequences of coherent clustering of structures 381 6.5.
Regeneration of the packets 389 6.6. Clustering of packets. Very
large-scale motions 394 6.7. Amplitude modulation by very large-scale
motions 398 6.8. Dynamic role of very large-scale motions 410 BIBLIOGRAPHY
423 INDEX 455