Mathematical and computational modeling (MCM) can be used in a diverse set of applications making it a very appealing and potent modeling tool. This book uses a novel and powerful procedural approach to teaching MCM, the Axiomatic Approach, which permits incorporating in a single model, systems that occur in many different branches of science and engineering. This book focuses on the mathematical models, in which processes to be modeled are expressed as a system of partial differential equations. It introduces a systematic method for constructing such models, which can be applied to any…mehr
Mathematical and computational modeling (MCM) can be used in a diverse set of applications making it a very appealing and potent modeling tool. This book uses a novel and powerful procedural approach to teaching MCM, the Axiomatic Approach, which permits incorporating in a single model, systems that occur in many different branches of science and engineering.
This book focuses on the mathematical models, in which processes to be modeled are expressed as a system of partial differential equations. It introduces a systematic method for constructing such models, which can be applied to any macroscopic physical system. This latter feature of the Axiomatic Approach is very valuable when treating new systems, since it permits formulating the models of previously unknown systems. Using it, many of the systems of most common occurrence in engineering practice are introduced and discussed. The effectiveness of this approach is reflected in the broadness and importance of the subjects treated; they cover a great diversity of topics that are basic in many branches of engineering including: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, and Water Resources.
These topics include: Flow of fluids and transport of solutes which are free to move in the physical space and where fluids may be restricted to move in a porous medium. The transport of solutes is fundamental in Environmental Engineering Water Resources and Petroleum Engineering since it is the means of predicting contaminant behavior. The porous medium based equations are also used to model Enhanced Oil Recovery which is very important for sustaining the oil supply of the world. Model of static and dynamic elasticity are used in several branches of engineering including Foundation and Seismic Engineering.
ISMAEL HERRERA, PhD. in Applied Mathematics, Brown University, is Distinguished Professor in the Natural Resources Department of the Geophysics Institute at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. He is the Editor of Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations and President of the Mexican Society of Numerical Methods in Engineering and Applied Sciences. Dr. Herrera has received the National Science, Mexican Academy of Sciences, and Luis Elizondo Awards, the three most prestigious awards in Mexico granted for scientific achievement. GEORGE F. PINDER, PhD, has a primary appointment as Professor of Engineering with secondary appointments as Professor of Mathematics and Statistics and Professor of Computer Science at the University of Vermont. He is the author, or co-author, of nine books on mathematical modeling, numerical mathematics, and flow and transport through porous media. He is a recipient of numerous national and international honors and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xiii 1 AXIOMATIC FORMULATION OF THE BASIC MODELS 1 1.1 Models 1 1.2 Microscopic and macroscopic physics 2 1.3 Kinematics of continuous systems 3 1.3.1 Intensive properties 6 1.3.2 Extensive properties 8 1.4 Balance equations of extensive and intensive properties 9 1.4.1 Global balance equations 9 1.4.2 The local balance equations 10 1.4.3 The role of balance conditions in the modeling of continuous systems 13 1.4.4 Formulation of motion restrictions by means of balance equations 14 1.5 Summary 16 2 MECHANICS OF CLASSICAL CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS 23 2.1 One-phase systems 23 2.2 The basic mathematical model of one-phase systems 24 2.3 The extensive/intensive properties of classical mechanics 25 2.4 Mass conservation 26 2.5 Linear momentum balance 27 2.6 Angular momentum balance 29 2.7 Energy concepts 32 2.8 The balance of kinetic energy 33 2.9 The balance of internal energy 34 2.10 Heat equivalent of mechanical work 35 2.11 Summary of basic equations for solid and fluid mechanics 35 2.12 Some basic concepts of thermodynamics 36 2.12.1 Heat transport 36 2.13 Summary 38 3 MECHANICS OF NON-CLASSICAL CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS 45 3.1 Multiphase systems 45 3.2 The basic mathematical model of multiphase systems 46 3.3 Solute transport in a free fluid 47 3.4 Transport by fluids in porous media 49 3.5 Flow of fluids through porous media 51 3.6 Petroleum reservoirs: the black-oil model 52 3.6.1 Assumptions of the black-oil model 53 3.6.2 Notation 53 3.6.3 Family of extensive properties 54 3.6.4 Differential equations and jump conditions 55 3.7 Summary 57 4 SOLUTE TRANSPORT BY A FREE FLUID 63 4.1 The general equation of solute transport by a free fluid 64 4.2 Transport processes 65 4.2.1 Advection 65 4.2.2 Diffusion processes 65 4.3 Mass generation processes 66 4.4 Differential equations of diffusive transport 67 4.5 Well-posed problems for diffusive transport 69 4.5.1 Time-dependent problems 70 4.5.2 Steady state 71 4.6 First-order irreversible processes 71 4.7 Differential equations of non-diffusive transport 73 4.8 Well-posed problems for non-diffusive transport 73 4.8.1 Well-posed problems in one spatial dimension 74 4.8.2 Well-posed problems in several spatial dimensions 79 4.8.3 Well-posed problems for steady-state models 80 4.9 Summary 80 5 FLOW OF A FLUID IN A POROUS MEDIUM 85 5.1 Basic assumptions of the flow model 85 5.2 The basic model for the flow of a fluid through a porous medium 86 5.3 Modeling the elasticity and compressibility 87 5.3.1 Fluid compressibility 87 5.3.2 Pore compressibility 88 5.3.3 The storage coefficient 90 5.4 Darcy's law 90 5.5 Piezometric level 92 5.6 General equation governing flow through a porous medium 94 5.6.1 Special forms of the governing differential equation 95 5.7 Applications of the jump conditions 96 5.8 Well-posed problems 96 5.8.1 Steady-state models 97 5.8.2 Time-dependent problems 99 5.9 Models with a reduced number of spatial dimensions 99 5.9.1 Theoretical derivation of a 2-D model for a confined aquifer 100 5.9.2 Leaky aquitard method 102 5.9.3 The integrodifferential equations approach 104 5.9.4 Other 2-D aquifer models 108 5.10 Summary 111 6 SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A POROUS MEDIUM 117 6.1 Transport processes 118 6.1.1 Advection 118 6.2 Non-conservative processes 118 6.2.1 First-order irreversible processes 119 6.2.2 Adsorption 119 6.3 Dispersion-diffusion 121 6.4 The equations for transport of solutes in porous media 123 6.5 Well-posed problems 125 6.6 Summary 125 7 MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS 129 7.1 Basic model for the flow of multiple-species transport in a multiple-fluid- phase porous medium 129 7.2 Modeling the transport of species i in phase a 130 7.3 The saturated flow case 133 7.4 The air-water system 137 7.5 The immobile air unsaturated flow model 142 7.6 Boundary conditions 143 7.7 Summary 145 8 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 149 8.1 Background on oil production and reservoir modeling 149 8.2 Processes to be modeled 151 8.3 Unified formulation of EOR models 151 8.4 The black-oil model 152 8.5 The Compositional Model 156 8.6 Summary 160 9 LINEAR ELASTICITY 165 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Elastic Solids 166 9.3 The Linear Elastic Solid 167 9.4 More on the Displacement Field Decomposition 170 9.5 Strain Analysis 171 9.6 Stress Analysis 173 9.7 Isotropic materials 175 9.8 Stress-strain relations for isotropic materials 177 9.9 The governing differential equations 179 9.9.1 Elastodynamics 180 9.9.2 Elastostatics 180 9.10 Well-posed problems 181 9.10.1 Elastostatics 181 9.10.2 Elastodynamics 181 9.11 Representation of solutions for isotropic elastic solids 182 9.12 Summary 183 10 FLUID MECHANICS 189 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Newtonian fluids: Stokes' constitutive equations 190 10.3 Navier-Stokes equations 192 10.4 Complementary constitutive equations 193 10.5 The concepts of incompressible and inviscid fluids 193 10.6 Incompressible fluids 194 10.7 Initial and boundary conditions 195 10.8 Viscous incompressible fluids: steady states 196 10.9 Linearized theory of incompressible fluids 196 10.10 Ideal fluids 197 10.11 Irrotational flows 198 10.12 Extension of Bernoulli's relations to compressible fluids 199 10.13 Shallow-water theory 200 10.14 Inviscid compressible fluids 202 10.14.1 Small perturbations in a compressible fluid: the theory of sound 203 10.14.2 Initiation of motion 204 10.14.3 Discontinuous models and shock conditions 206 10.15 Summary 208 A: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 211 A. 1 Classification 211 A.2 Canonical forms 213 A.3 Well-posed problems 213 A.3.1 Boundary-value problems: the elliptic case 214 A.3.2 Initial-boundary-value problems 214 B: SOME RESULTS FROM THE CALCULUS 217 B.l Notation 217 B.2 Generalized Gauss Theorem 218 C: PROOF OF THEOREM 221 D: THE BOUNDARY LAYER INCOMPRESSIBILITY APPROXIMATION 225 E: INDICIAL NOTATION 229 E.l General 229 E.2 Matrix algebra 230 E.3 Applications to differential calculus 232 Index 235
Preface xiii 1 AXIOMATIC FORMULATION OF THE BASIC MODELS 1 1.1 Models 1 1.2 Microscopic and macroscopic physics 2 1.3 Kinematics of continuous systems 3 1.3.1 Intensive properties 6 1.3.2 Extensive properties 8 1.4 Balance equations of extensive and intensive properties 9 1.4.1 Global balance equations 9 1.4.2 The local balance equations 10 1.4.3 The role of balance conditions in the modeling of continuous systems 13 1.4.4 Formulation of motion restrictions by means of balance equations 14 1.5 Summary 16 2 MECHANICS OF CLASSICAL CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS 23 2.1 One-phase systems 23 2.2 The basic mathematical model of one-phase systems 24 2.3 The extensive/intensive properties of classical mechanics 25 2.4 Mass conservation 26 2.5 Linear momentum balance 27 2.6 Angular momentum balance 29 2.7 Energy concepts 32 2.8 The balance of kinetic energy 33 2.9 The balance of internal energy 34 2.10 Heat equivalent of mechanical work 35 2.11 Summary of basic equations for solid and fluid mechanics 35 2.12 Some basic concepts of thermodynamics 36 2.12.1 Heat transport 36 2.13 Summary 38 3 MECHANICS OF NON-CLASSICAL CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS 45 3.1 Multiphase systems 45 3.2 The basic mathematical model of multiphase systems 46 3.3 Solute transport in a free fluid 47 3.4 Transport by fluids in porous media 49 3.5 Flow of fluids through porous media 51 3.6 Petroleum reservoirs: the black-oil model 52 3.6.1 Assumptions of the black-oil model 53 3.6.2 Notation 53 3.6.3 Family of extensive properties 54 3.6.4 Differential equations and jump conditions 55 3.7 Summary 57 4 SOLUTE TRANSPORT BY A FREE FLUID 63 4.1 The general equation of solute transport by a free fluid 64 4.2 Transport processes 65 4.2.1 Advection 65 4.2.2 Diffusion processes 65 4.3 Mass generation processes 66 4.4 Differential equations of diffusive transport 67 4.5 Well-posed problems for diffusive transport 69 4.5.1 Time-dependent problems 70 4.5.2 Steady state 71 4.6 First-order irreversible processes 71 4.7 Differential equations of non-diffusive transport 73 4.8 Well-posed problems for non-diffusive transport 73 4.8.1 Well-posed problems in one spatial dimension 74 4.8.2 Well-posed problems in several spatial dimensions 79 4.8.3 Well-posed problems for steady-state models 80 4.9 Summary 80 5 FLOW OF A FLUID IN A POROUS MEDIUM 85 5.1 Basic assumptions of the flow model 85 5.2 The basic model for the flow of a fluid through a porous medium 86 5.3 Modeling the elasticity and compressibility 87 5.3.1 Fluid compressibility 87 5.3.2 Pore compressibility 88 5.3.3 The storage coefficient 90 5.4 Darcy's law 90 5.5 Piezometric level 92 5.6 General equation governing flow through a porous medium 94 5.6.1 Special forms of the governing differential equation 95 5.7 Applications of the jump conditions 96 5.8 Well-posed problems 96 5.8.1 Steady-state models 97 5.8.2 Time-dependent problems 99 5.9 Models with a reduced number of spatial dimensions 99 5.9.1 Theoretical derivation of a 2-D model for a confined aquifer 100 5.9.2 Leaky aquitard method 102 5.9.3 The integrodifferential equations approach 104 5.9.4 Other 2-D aquifer models 108 5.10 Summary 111 6 SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A POROUS MEDIUM 117 6.1 Transport processes 118 6.1.1 Advection 118 6.2 Non-conservative processes 118 6.2.1 First-order irreversible processes 119 6.2.2 Adsorption 119 6.3 Dispersion-diffusion 121 6.4 The equations for transport of solutes in porous media 123 6.5 Well-posed problems 125 6.6 Summary 125 7 MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS 129 7.1 Basic model for the flow of multiple-species transport in a multiple-fluid- phase porous medium 129 7.2 Modeling the transport of species i in phase a 130 7.3 The saturated flow case 133 7.4 The air-water system 137 7.5 The immobile air unsaturated flow model 142 7.6 Boundary conditions 143 7.7 Summary 145 8 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 149 8.1 Background on oil production and reservoir modeling 149 8.2 Processes to be modeled 151 8.3 Unified formulation of EOR models 151 8.4 The black-oil model 152 8.5 The Compositional Model 156 8.6 Summary 160 9 LINEAR ELASTICITY 165 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Elastic Solids 166 9.3 The Linear Elastic Solid 167 9.4 More on the Displacement Field Decomposition 170 9.5 Strain Analysis 171 9.6 Stress Analysis 173 9.7 Isotropic materials 175 9.8 Stress-strain relations for isotropic materials 177 9.9 The governing differential equations 179 9.9.1 Elastodynamics 180 9.9.2 Elastostatics 180 9.10 Well-posed problems 181 9.10.1 Elastostatics 181 9.10.2 Elastodynamics 181 9.11 Representation of solutions for isotropic elastic solids 182 9.12 Summary 183 10 FLUID MECHANICS 189 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Newtonian fluids: Stokes' constitutive equations 190 10.3 Navier-Stokes equations 192 10.4 Complementary constitutive equations 193 10.5 The concepts of incompressible and inviscid fluids 193 10.6 Incompressible fluids 194 10.7 Initial and boundary conditions 195 10.8 Viscous incompressible fluids: steady states 196 10.9 Linearized theory of incompressible fluids 196 10.10 Ideal fluids 197 10.11 Irrotational flows 198 10.12 Extension of Bernoulli's relations to compressible fluids 199 10.13 Shallow-water theory 200 10.14 Inviscid compressible fluids 202 10.14.1 Small perturbations in a compressible fluid: the theory of sound 203 10.14.2 Initiation of motion 204 10.14.3 Discontinuous models and shock conditions 206 10.15 Summary 208 A: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 211 A. 1 Classification 211 A.2 Canonical forms 213 A.3 Well-posed problems 213 A.3.1 Boundary-value problems: the elliptic case 214 A.3.2 Initial-boundary-value problems 214 B: SOME RESULTS FROM THE CALCULUS 217 B.l Notation 217 B.2 Generalized Gauss Theorem 218 C: PROOF OF THEOREM 221 D: THE BOUNDARY LAYER INCOMPRESSIBILITY APPROXIMATION 225 E: INDICIAL NOTATION 229 E.l General 229 E.2 Matrix algebra 230 E.3 Applications to differential calculus 232 Index 235
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