Larry L. Rockwood
Introduction to Population Ecology
Larry L. Rockwood
Introduction to Population Ecology
- Broschiertes Buch
- Merkliste
- Auf die Merkliste
- Bewerten Bewerten
- Teilen
- Produkt teilen
- Produkterinnerung
- Produkterinnerung
Introduction to Population Ecology, 2nd Edition is a comprehensive textbook covering all aspects of population ecology. It uses a wide variety of field and laboratory examples, botanical to zoological, from the tropics to the tundra, to illustrate the fundamental laws of population ecology. Controversies in population ecology are brought fully up to date in this edition, with many brand new and revised examples and data.
Each chapter provides an overview of how population theory has developed, followed by descriptions of laboratory and field studies that have been inspired by the theory.…mehr
Andere Kunden interessierten sich auch für
- L. Scott MillsConservation of Wildlife Populations69,99 €
- Peter J. MorinCommunity Ecology69,99 €
- Forest Structure, Function and Dynamics in Western Amazonia149,99 €
- Restoration Ecology213,99 €
- Julie L. LockwoodInvasion Ecology70,99 €
- Richard H. W. BradshawEcosystem Dynamics106,99 €
- Ecosystem Services in Agricultural and Urban Landscapes113,99 €
-
-
-
Introduction to Population Ecology, 2nd Edition is a comprehensive textbook covering all aspects of population ecology. It uses a wide variety of field and laboratory examples, botanical to zoological, from the tropics to the tundra, to illustrate the fundamental laws of population ecology. Controversies in population ecology are brought fully up to date in this edition, with many brand new and revised examples and data.
Each chapter provides an overview of how population theory has developed, followed by descriptions of laboratory and field studies that have been inspired by the theory. Topics explored include single-species population growth and self-limitation, life histories, metapopulations and a wide range of interspecific interactions including competition, mutualism, parasite-host, predator-prey and plant-herbivore. An additional final chapter, new for the second edition, considers multi-trophic and other complex interactions among species.
Throughout the book, the mathematics involved is explained with a step-by-step approach, and graphs and other
visual aids are used to present a clear illustration of how the models work. Such features make this an accessible introduction to population ecology; essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in population ecology, applied ecology, conservation ecology, and conservation biology, including those with little mathematical experience.
Each chapter provides an overview of how population theory has developed, followed by descriptions of laboratory and field studies that have been inspired by the theory. Topics explored include single-species population growth and self-limitation, life histories, metapopulations and a wide range of interspecific interactions including competition, mutualism, parasite-host, predator-prey and plant-herbivore. An additional final chapter, new for the second edition, considers multi-trophic and other complex interactions among species.
Throughout the book, the mathematics involved is explained with a step-by-step approach, and graphs and other
visual aids are used to present a clear illustration of how the models work. Such features make this an accessible introduction to population ecology; essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in population ecology, applied ecology, conservation ecology, and conservation biology, including those with little mathematical experience.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 2. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 384
- Erscheinungstermin: 22. Mai 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 188mm x 21mm
- Gewicht: 754g
- ISBN-13: 9781118947579
- ISBN-10: 1118947576
- Artikelnr.: 41852030
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- 2. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 384
- Erscheinungstermin: 22. Mai 2015
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 246mm x 188mm x 21mm
- Gewicht: 754g
- ISBN-13: 9781118947579
- ISBN-10: 1118947576
- Artikelnr.: 41852030
Larry Rockwood is Professor of Biology and Environmental Science and Policy, and Chairman of the Department of Biology at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, USA. He earned his B.S. degree in Biopsychology and his Ph.D. degree in Biology at the University of Chicago. His early research was conducted in Costa Rica where he studied foraging patterns in leaf-cutting ants. More recently he has collaborated on a variety of projects from human-coyote conflicts to aspects of avian ecology and plant ecology. He has been teaching introductory ecology, population ecology and tropical ecology for almost 40 years. In 2014 Dr Rockwood was presented with the David J. King Award in recognition of 'outstanding contributions to enhancing teaching and learning' by George Mason University.
Preface ix Acknowledgments xi About the companion website xiii Part 1
Single species populations 1 1 Density independent growth 5 1.1
Introduction 5 1.2 Fundamentals of population growth 8 1.3 Types of models
10 1.4 Density independent versus density dependent growth 12 1.5 Discrete
or "geometric" growth in populations with non-overlapping generations 12
1.6 Exponential growth in populations with overlapping generations 16 1.7
Examples of exponential growth 18 1.8 Applications to human populations 19
1.9 The finite rate of increase (lambda) and the intrinsic rate of increase
(tau) 23 1.10 Stochastic models of population growth and population
viability analysis 25 1.11 Conclusions 30 References 30 2 Density dependent
growth and intraspecific competition 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Density
dependence in populations with discrete generations 37 2.3 Density
dependence in populations with overlapping generations 42 2.4 Nonlinear
density dependence of birth and death rates and the Allee effect 46 2.5
Time lags and limit cycles 51 2.6 Chaos and behavior of the discrete
logistic model 53 2.7 Adding stochasticity to density dependent models 54
2.8 Laboratory and field data 55 2.9 Behavioral aspects of intraspecific
competition 60 2.10 Summary 64 References 64 3 Population regulation 69 3.1
Introduction 69 3.2 What is population regulation? 70 3.3 Combining
density-dependent and density-independent factors 71 3.4 Tests of density
dependence 73 3.5 Summary 77 References 78 4 Populations with age
structures 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Survivorship 83 4.3 Fertility 90 4.4
Mortality curves 94 4.5 Expectation of life 96 4.6 Net reproductive rate,
generation time, and the intrinsic rate of increase 97 4.7 Age structure
and the stable age distribution 99 4.8 Projecting population growth in
age-structured populations 99 4.9 The Leslie or population projection
matrix 102 4.10 A second version of the Leslie matrix 103 4.11 The
Lefkovitch modification of the Leslie matrix 104 4.12 Dominant latent roots
and the characteristic equation 105 4.13 Reproductive value 107 4.14
Conclusions: sensitivity analysis 109 References 112 5 Metapopulation
ecology 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Metapopulations and spatial ecology
116 5.3 MacArthur and Wilson and the equilibrium theory 120 5.4 The Levins
or classical metapopulation 124 5.5 Lande's extension of the Levins model
125 5.6 Extinction in metapopulations 127 5.7 Metapopulation dynamics of
two local populations 127 5.8 Source-sink metapopulations and the rescue
effect 129 5.9 Nonequilibrium and patchy metapopulations 130 5.10 Spatially
realistic models 130 5.11 Assumptions and evidence for the existence of
metapopulations in nature 135 5.12 Summary 138 References 139 6 Life
history strategies 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Power laws 149 6.3 The
metabolic theory of ecology 152 6.4 Cole and Lewontin 154 6.5 The theory of
tau- and kappa-selection versus fast and slow life histories 159 6.6 Cost
of reproduction and allocation of energy 162 6.7 Clutch size 163 6.8
Latitudinal gradients in clutch size 164 6.9 The effects of predation and
disease on life history characteristics 165 6.10 Bet-hedging 166 6.11 The
Grime general model for three evolutionary strategies in plants 166 6.12
Summary 168 References 168 Part 2 Interspecific interactions among
populations 173 7 Interspecific competition 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2
Interspecific competition: early experiments and the competitive exclusion
principle 178 7.3 The Lotka-Volterra competition equations 180 7.4
Laboratory experiments and competition 186 7.5 Resource-based competition
theory 187 7.6 Spatial competition and the competition-colonization
trade-off 194 7.7 Evidence for competition from nature 196 7.8 Indirect
evidence for competition and 'natural experiments' 198 7.9 Summary 205
References 205 8 Mutualism 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Ant-plant
mutualisms 210 8.3 Modeling mutualism 215 8.4 Summary: the costs of
mutualism 217 References 217 9 Host-parasite interactions 221 9.1
Introduction 221 9.2 Factors affecting microparasite population biology 223
9.3 Modeling host-microparasite interactions 224 9.4 Dynamics of the
disease 226 9.5 Immunization 229 9.6 Endangered metapopulations and disease
230 9.7 Social parasites 232 9.8 Summary 235 References 235 10
Predator/prey interactions 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 The
Lotka-Volterra equations 248 10.3 Early tests of the Lotka-Volterra models
250 10.4 Functional responses 252 10.5 Adding prey density dependence and
the type II and III functional responses to the Lotka-Volterra equations
256 10.6 The graphical analyses of Rosenzweig and MacArthur 258 10.7 Use of
a half saturation constant in predator/prey interactions 262 10.8
Parasitoid/host interactions and the Nicholson-Bailey models 264 10.9
Section summary 267 10.10 Field studies 268 10.11 The dangers of a
predatory lifestyle 277 10.12 Escape from predation 277 10.13 Summary 281
References 282 11 Plant-herbivore interactions 287 11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Classes of chemical defenses 289 11.3 Constitutive versus Induced
Defense 294 11.4 Plant communication 296 11.5 Novel defenses/herbivore
responses 296 11.6 Detoxification of plant compounds by herbivores 297 11.7
Plant apparency and chemical defense 298 11.8 Soil fertility and chemical
defense 299 11.9 Modeling plant-herbivore population dynamics 299 11.10
Summary: the complexities of herbivore-plant interactions 303 References
306 12 Multi-trophic interactions 311 Jonathan Witt 12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 Trophic cascades 312 12.3 Trophic cascades and antropogenic change 317
12.4 Intraguild predation 319 12.5 Intraguild predation and prey
suppression 321 12.6 Intraguild predation and mesopredator release 322 12.7
Cannibalism 323 References 326 Appendix 1: Problem sets 333 Appendix 2:
Matrix algebra: the basics 337 Appendix 3: List of mathematical symbols
used in this book 343 Index 351
Single species populations 1 1 Density independent growth 5 1.1
Introduction 5 1.2 Fundamentals of population growth 8 1.3 Types of models
10 1.4 Density independent versus density dependent growth 12 1.5 Discrete
or "geometric" growth in populations with non-overlapping generations 12
1.6 Exponential growth in populations with overlapping generations 16 1.7
Examples of exponential growth 18 1.8 Applications to human populations 19
1.9 The finite rate of increase (lambda) and the intrinsic rate of increase
(tau) 23 1.10 Stochastic models of population growth and population
viability analysis 25 1.11 Conclusions 30 References 30 2 Density dependent
growth and intraspecific competition 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Density
dependence in populations with discrete generations 37 2.3 Density
dependence in populations with overlapping generations 42 2.4 Nonlinear
density dependence of birth and death rates and the Allee effect 46 2.5
Time lags and limit cycles 51 2.6 Chaos and behavior of the discrete
logistic model 53 2.7 Adding stochasticity to density dependent models 54
2.8 Laboratory and field data 55 2.9 Behavioral aspects of intraspecific
competition 60 2.10 Summary 64 References 64 3 Population regulation 69 3.1
Introduction 69 3.2 What is population regulation? 70 3.3 Combining
density-dependent and density-independent factors 71 3.4 Tests of density
dependence 73 3.5 Summary 77 References 78 4 Populations with age
structures 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Survivorship 83 4.3 Fertility 90 4.4
Mortality curves 94 4.5 Expectation of life 96 4.6 Net reproductive rate,
generation time, and the intrinsic rate of increase 97 4.7 Age structure
and the stable age distribution 99 4.8 Projecting population growth in
age-structured populations 99 4.9 The Leslie or population projection
matrix 102 4.10 A second version of the Leslie matrix 103 4.11 The
Lefkovitch modification of the Leslie matrix 104 4.12 Dominant latent roots
and the characteristic equation 105 4.13 Reproductive value 107 4.14
Conclusions: sensitivity analysis 109 References 112 5 Metapopulation
ecology 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Metapopulations and spatial ecology
116 5.3 MacArthur and Wilson and the equilibrium theory 120 5.4 The Levins
or classical metapopulation 124 5.5 Lande's extension of the Levins model
125 5.6 Extinction in metapopulations 127 5.7 Metapopulation dynamics of
two local populations 127 5.8 Source-sink metapopulations and the rescue
effect 129 5.9 Nonequilibrium and patchy metapopulations 130 5.10 Spatially
realistic models 130 5.11 Assumptions and evidence for the existence of
metapopulations in nature 135 5.12 Summary 138 References 139 6 Life
history strategies 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Power laws 149 6.3 The
metabolic theory of ecology 152 6.4 Cole and Lewontin 154 6.5 The theory of
tau- and kappa-selection versus fast and slow life histories 159 6.6 Cost
of reproduction and allocation of energy 162 6.7 Clutch size 163 6.8
Latitudinal gradients in clutch size 164 6.9 The effects of predation and
disease on life history characteristics 165 6.10 Bet-hedging 166 6.11 The
Grime general model for three evolutionary strategies in plants 166 6.12
Summary 168 References 168 Part 2 Interspecific interactions among
populations 173 7 Interspecific competition 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2
Interspecific competition: early experiments and the competitive exclusion
principle 178 7.3 The Lotka-Volterra competition equations 180 7.4
Laboratory experiments and competition 186 7.5 Resource-based competition
theory 187 7.6 Spatial competition and the competition-colonization
trade-off 194 7.7 Evidence for competition from nature 196 7.8 Indirect
evidence for competition and 'natural experiments' 198 7.9 Summary 205
References 205 8 Mutualism 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Ant-plant
mutualisms 210 8.3 Modeling mutualism 215 8.4 Summary: the costs of
mutualism 217 References 217 9 Host-parasite interactions 221 9.1
Introduction 221 9.2 Factors affecting microparasite population biology 223
9.3 Modeling host-microparasite interactions 224 9.4 Dynamics of the
disease 226 9.5 Immunization 229 9.6 Endangered metapopulations and disease
230 9.7 Social parasites 232 9.8 Summary 235 References 235 10
Predator/prey interactions 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 The
Lotka-Volterra equations 248 10.3 Early tests of the Lotka-Volterra models
250 10.4 Functional responses 252 10.5 Adding prey density dependence and
the type II and III functional responses to the Lotka-Volterra equations
256 10.6 The graphical analyses of Rosenzweig and MacArthur 258 10.7 Use of
a half saturation constant in predator/prey interactions 262 10.8
Parasitoid/host interactions and the Nicholson-Bailey models 264 10.9
Section summary 267 10.10 Field studies 268 10.11 The dangers of a
predatory lifestyle 277 10.12 Escape from predation 277 10.13 Summary 281
References 282 11 Plant-herbivore interactions 287 11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Classes of chemical defenses 289 11.3 Constitutive versus Induced
Defense 294 11.4 Plant communication 296 11.5 Novel defenses/herbivore
responses 296 11.6 Detoxification of plant compounds by herbivores 297 11.7
Plant apparency and chemical defense 298 11.8 Soil fertility and chemical
defense 299 11.9 Modeling plant-herbivore population dynamics 299 11.10
Summary: the complexities of herbivore-plant interactions 303 References
306 12 Multi-trophic interactions 311 Jonathan Witt 12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 Trophic cascades 312 12.3 Trophic cascades and antropogenic change 317
12.4 Intraguild predation 319 12.5 Intraguild predation and prey
suppression 321 12.6 Intraguild predation and mesopredator release 322 12.7
Cannibalism 323 References 326 Appendix 1: Problem sets 333 Appendix 2:
Matrix algebra: the basics 337 Appendix 3: List of mathematical symbols
used in this book 343 Index 351
Preface ix Acknowledgments xi About the companion website xiii Part 1
Single species populations 1 1 Density independent growth 5 1.1
Introduction 5 1.2 Fundamentals of population growth 8 1.3 Types of models
10 1.4 Density independent versus density dependent growth 12 1.5 Discrete
or "geometric" growth in populations with non-overlapping generations 12
1.6 Exponential growth in populations with overlapping generations 16 1.7
Examples of exponential growth 18 1.8 Applications to human populations 19
1.9 The finite rate of increase (lambda) and the intrinsic rate of increase
(tau) 23 1.10 Stochastic models of population growth and population
viability analysis 25 1.11 Conclusions 30 References 30 2 Density dependent
growth and intraspecific competition 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Density
dependence in populations with discrete generations 37 2.3 Density
dependence in populations with overlapping generations 42 2.4 Nonlinear
density dependence of birth and death rates and the Allee effect 46 2.5
Time lags and limit cycles 51 2.6 Chaos and behavior of the discrete
logistic model 53 2.7 Adding stochasticity to density dependent models 54
2.8 Laboratory and field data 55 2.9 Behavioral aspects of intraspecific
competition 60 2.10 Summary 64 References 64 3 Population regulation 69 3.1
Introduction 69 3.2 What is population regulation? 70 3.3 Combining
density-dependent and density-independent factors 71 3.4 Tests of density
dependence 73 3.5 Summary 77 References 78 4 Populations with age
structures 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Survivorship 83 4.3 Fertility 90 4.4
Mortality curves 94 4.5 Expectation of life 96 4.6 Net reproductive rate,
generation time, and the intrinsic rate of increase 97 4.7 Age structure
and the stable age distribution 99 4.8 Projecting population growth in
age-structured populations 99 4.9 The Leslie or population projection
matrix 102 4.10 A second version of the Leslie matrix 103 4.11 The
Lefkovitch modification of the Leslie matrix 104 4.12 Dominant latent roots
and the characteristic equation 105 4.13 Reproductive value 107 4.14
Conclusions: sensitivity analysis 109 References 112 5 Metapopulation
ecology 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Metapopulations and spatial ecology
116 5.3 MacArthur and Wilson and the equilibrium theory 120 5.4 The Levins
or classical metapopulation 124 5.5 Lande's extension of the Levins model
125 5.6 Extinction in metapopulations 127 5.7 Metapopulation dynamics of
two local populations 127 5.8 Source-sink metapopulations and the rescue
effect 129 5.9 Nonequilibrium and patchy metapopulations 130 5.10 Spatially
realistic models 130 5.11 Assumptions and evidence for the existence of
metapopulations in nature 135 5.12 Summary 138 References 139 6 Life
history strategies 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Power laws 149 6.3 The
metabolic theory of ecology 152 6.4 Cole and Lewontin 154 6.5 The theory of
tau- and kappa-selection versus fast and slow life histories 159 6.6 Cost
of reproduction and allocation of energy 162 6.7 Clutch size 163 6.8
Latitudinal gradients in clutch size 164 6.9 The effects of predation and
disease on life history characteristics 165 6.10 Bet-hedging 166 6.11 The
Grime general model for three evolutionary strategies in plants 166 6.12
Summary 168 References 168 Part 2 Interspecific interactions among
populations 173 7 Interspecific competition 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2
Interspecific competition: early experiments and the competitive exclusion
principle 178 7.3 The Lotka-Volterra competition equations 180 7.4
Laboratory experiments and competition 186 7.5 Resource-based competition
theory 187 7.6 Spatial competition and the competition-colonization
trade-off 194 7.7 Evidence for competition from nature 196 7.8 Indirect
evidence for competition and 'natural experiments' 198 7.9 Summary 205
References 205 8 Mutualism 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Ant-plant
mutualisms 210 8.3 Modeling mutualism 215 8.4 Summary: the costs of
mutualism 217 References 217 9 Host-parasite interactions 221 9.1
Introduction 221 9.2 Factors affecting microparasite population biology 223
9.3 Modeling host-microparasite interactions 224 9.4 Dynamics of the
disease 226 9.5 Immunization 229 9.6 Endangered metapopulations and disease
230 9.7 Social parasites 232 9.8 Summary 235 References 235 10
Predator/prey interactions 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 The
Lotka-Volterra equations 248 10.3 Early tests of the Lotka-Volterra models
250 10.4 Functional responses 252 10.5 Adding prey density dependence and
the type II and III functional responses to the Lotka-Volterra equations
256 10.6 The graphical analyses of Rosenzweig and MacArthur 258 10.7 Use of
a half saturation constant in predator/prey interactions 262 10.8
Parasitoid/host interactions and the Nicholson-Bailey models 264 10.9
Section summary 267 10.10 Field studies 268 10.11 The dangers of a
predatory lifestyle 277 10.12 Escape from predation 277 10.13 Summary 281
References 282 11 Plant-herbivore interactions 287 11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Classes of chemical defenses 289 11.3 Constitutive versus Induced
Defense 294 11.4 Plant communication 296 11.5 Novel defenses/herbivore
responses 296 11.6 Detoxification of plant compounds by herbivores 297 11.7
Plant apparency and chemical defense 298 11.8 Soil fertility and chemical
defense 299 11.9 Modeling plant-herbivore population dynamics 299 11.10
Summary: the complexities of herbivore-plant interactions 303 References
306 12 Multi-trophic interactions 311 Jonathan Witt 12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 Trophic cascades 312 12.3 Trophic cascades and antropogenic change 317
12.4 Intraguild predation 319 12.5 Intraguild predation and prey
suppression 321 12.6 Intraguild predation and mesopredator release 322 12.7
Cannibalism 323 References 326 Appendix 1: Problem sets 333 Appendix 2:
Matrix algebra: the basics 337 Appendix 3: List of mathematical symbols
used in this book 343 Index 351
Single species populations 1 1 Density independent growth 5 1.1
Introduction 5 1.2 Fundamentals of population growth 8 1.3 Types of models
10 1.4 Density independent versus density dependent growth 12 1.5 Discrete
or "geometric" growth in populations with non-overlapping generations 12
1.6 Exponential growth in populations with overlapping generations 16 1.7
Examples of exponential growth 18 1.8 Applications to human populations 19
1.9 The finite rate of increase (lambda) and the intrinsic rate of increase
(tau) 23 1.10 Stochastic models of population growth and population
viability analysis 25 1.11 Conclusions 30 References 30 2 Density dependent
growth and intraspecific competition 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Density
dependence in populations with discrete generations 37 2.3 Density
dependence in populations with overlapping generations 42 2.4 Nonlinear
density dependence of birth and death rates and the Allee effect 46 2.5
Time lags and limit cycles 51 2.6 Chaos and behavior of the discrete
logistic model 53 2.7 Adding stochasticity to density dependent models 54
2.8 Laboratory and field data 55 2.9 Behavioral aspects of intraspecific
competition 60 2.10 Summary 64 References 64 3 Population regulation 69 3.1
Introduction 69 3.2 What is population regulation? 70 3.3 Combining
density-dependent and density-independent factors 71 3.4 Tests of density
dependence 73 3.5 Summary 77 References 78 4 Populations with age
structures 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Survivorship 83 4.3 Fertility 90 4.4
Mortality curves 94 4.5 Expectation of life 96 4.6 Net reproductive rate,
generation time, and the intrinsic rate of increase 97 4.7 Age structure
and the stable age distribution 99 4.8 Projecting population growth in
age-structured populations 99 4.9 The Leslie or population projection
matrix 102 4.10 A second version of the Leslie matrix 103 4.11 The
Lefkovitch modification of the Leslie matrix 104 4.12 Dominant latent roots
and the characteristic equation 105 4.13 Reproductive value 107 4.14
Conclusions: sensitivity analysis 109 References 112 5 Metapopulation
ecology 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Metapopulations and spatial ecology
116 5.3 MacArthur and Wilson and the equilibrium theory 120 5.4 The Levins
or classical metapopulation 124 5.5 Lande's extension of the Levins model
125 5.6 Extinction in metapopulations 127 5.7 Metapopulation dynamics of
two local populations 127 5.8 Source-sink metapopulations and the rescue
effect 129 5.9 Nonequilibrium and patchy metapopulations 130 5.10 Spatially
realistic models 130 5.11 Assumptions and evidence for the existence of
metapopulations in nature 135 5.12 Summary 138 References 139 6 Life
history strategies 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Power laws 149 6.3 The
metabolic theory of ecology 152 6.4 Cole and Lewontin 154 6.5 The theory of
tau- and kappa-selection versus fast and slow life histories 159 6.6 Cost
of reproduction and allocation of energy 162 6.7 Clutch size 163 6.8
Latitudinal gradients in clutch size 164 6.9 The effects of predation and
disease on life history characteristics 165 6.10 Bet-hedging 166 6.11 The
Grime general model for three evolutionary strategies in plants 166 6.12
Summary 168 References 168 Part 2 Interspecific interactions among
populations 173 7 Interspecific competition 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2
Interspecific competition: early experiments and the competitive exclusion
principle 178 7.3 The Lotka-Volterra competition equations 180 7.4
Laboratory experiments and competition 186 7.5 Resource-based competition
theory 187 7.6 Spatial competition and the competition-colonization
trade-off 194 7.7 Evidence for competition from nature 196 7.8 Indirect
evidence for competition and 'natural experiments' 198 7.9 Summary 205
References 205 8 Mutualism 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Ant-plant
mutualisms 210 8.3 Modeling mutualism 215 8.4 Summary: the costs of
mutualism 217 References 217 9 Host-parasite interactions 221 9.1
Introduction 221 9.2 Factors affecting microparasite population biology 223
9.3 Modeling host-microparasite interactions 224 9.4 Dynamics of the
disease 226 9.5 Immunization 229 9.6 Endangered metapopulations and disease
230 9.7 Social parasites 232 9.8 Summary 235 References 235 10
Predator/prey interactions 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 The
Lotka-Volterra equations 248 10.3 Early tests of the Lotka-Volterra models
250 10.4 Functional responses 252 10.5 Adding prey density dependence and
the type II and III functional responses to the Lotka-Volterra equations
256 10.6 The graphical analyses of Rosenzweig and MacArthur 258 10.7 Use of
a half saturation constant in predator/prey interactions 262 10.8
Parasitoid/host interactions and the Nicholson-Bailey models 264 10.9
Section summary 267 10.10 Field studies 268 10.11 The dangers of a
predatory lifestyle 277 10.12 Escape from predation 277 10.13 Summary 281
References 282 11 Plant-herbivore interactions 287 11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Classes of chemical defenses 289 11.3 Constitutive versus Induced
Defense 294 11.4 Plant communication 296 11.5 Novel defenses/herbivore
responses 296 11.6 Detoxification of plant compounds by herbivores 297 11.7
Plant apparency and chemical defense 298 11.8 Soil fertility and chemical
defense 299 11.9 Modeling plant-herbivore population dynamics 299 11.10
Summary: the complexities of herbivore-plant interactions 303 References
306 12 Multi-trophic interactions 311 Jonathan Witt 12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 Trophic cascades 312 12.3 Trophic cascades and antropogenic change 317
12.4 Intraguild predation 319 12.5 Intraguild predation and prey
suppression 321 12.6 Intraguild predation and mesopredator release 322 12.7
Cannibalism 323 References 326 Appendix 1: Problem sets 333 Appendix 2:
Matrix algebra: the basics 337 Appendix 3: List of mathematical symbols
used in this book 343 Index 351