John M. Jordan
Information, Technology
John M. Jordan
Information, Technology
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A big-picture look at how the latest trends in information management and technology are impacting business models and innovation worldwide
With all of the recent emphasis on "big data," analytics and visualization, and emerging technology architectures such as smartphone networks, social media, and cloud computing, the way we do business is undergoing rapid change. The right business model can create overnight sensations--think of Groupon, the iPad, or Facebook. At the same time, alternative models for organizing resources such as home schooling, Linux, or Kenya's Ushihidi tool transcend…mehr
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A big-picture look at how the latest trends in information management and technology are impacting business models and innovation worldwide
With all of the recent emphasis on "big data," analytics and visualization, and emerging technology architectures such as smartphone networks, social media, and cloud computing, the way we do business is undergoing rapid change. The right business model can create overnight sensations--think of Groupon, the iPad, or Facebook. At the same time, alternative models for organizing resources such as home schooling, Linux, or Kenya's Ushihidi tool transcend conventional business designs. Timely and visionary, Information, Technology, and the Future of Commerce looks at how the latest technology trends and their impact on human behavior are impacting business practices from recruitment through marketing, supply chains, and customer service.
Discusses information economics, human behavior, technology platforms, and other facts of contemporary life
Examines how humans organize resources and do work in the changing landscape
Provides case studies profiling how competitive advantage can be a direct result of innovative business models that exploit these trends
Revealing why traditional strategy formulation is challenged by the realities of the connected world, Information, Technology, and the Future of Commerce ties technology to business and social environments in an approachable, informed manner with innovative, big-picture analysis of what's taking place now in information strategy and technology.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
With all of the recent emphasis on "big data," analytics and visualization, and emerging technology architectures such as smartphone networks, social media, and cloud computing, the way we do business is undergoing rapid change. The right business model can create overnight sensations--think of Groupon, the iPad, or Facebook. At the same time, alternative models for organizing resources such as home schooling, Linux, or Kenya's Ushihidi tool transcend conventional business designs. Timely and visionary, Information, Technology, and the Future of Commerce looks at how the latest technology trends and their impact on human behavior are impacting business practices from recruitment through marketing, supply chains, and customer service.
Discusses information economics, human behavior, technology platforms, and other facts of contemporary life
Examines how humans organize resources and do work in the changing landscape
Provides case studies profiling how competitive advantage can be a direct result of innovative business models that exploit these trends
Revealing why traditional strategy formulation is challenged by the realities of the connected world, Information, Technology, and the Future of Commerce ties technology to business and social environments in an approachable, informed manner with innovative, big-picture analysis of what's taking place now in information strategy and technology.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W118155780
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. April 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 243mm x 164mm x 35mm
- Gewicht: 617g
- ISBN-13: 9781118155783
- ISBN-10: 1118155785
- Artikelnr.: 34447649
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W118155780
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 416
- Erscheinungstermin: 10. April 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 243mm x 164mm x 35mm
- Gewicht: 617g
- ISBN-13: 9781118155783
- ISBN-10: 1118155785
- Artikelnr.: 34447649
JOHN M. JORDAN is a clinical professor in the Department of Supply Chain and Information Systems at the Smeal College of Business, Penn State University, where he teaches IT strategy to undergraduates, MBAs, and executives. His research focuses on emerging technologies and their impact on business strategy, design, and practice.
Preface xv Acknowledgments xix SECTION I FOUNDATIONS 1 CHAPTER 1
Introduction 3 Cognition 4 Innovation 6 The Macro Picture 8 Earthquakes
Every Year 11 Themes 18 We've Seen This Movie Before 21 Notes 23 CHAPTER 2
Demographics 25 Is There a "Net Generation"? 26 Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29 Behavior and Expectations 30 Looking Ahead 30 Notes
33 CHAPTER 3 Behavioral Economics 35 Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37 Looking Ahead 40 Notes 41
CHAPTER 4 Information Economics 43 Information Goods 44 Pricing
Information: Versioning and Bundling 46 Network Effects 48 Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50 Notes 55 CHAPTER 5 Platforms 57 Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63 Notes 63 CHAPTER 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65 A
Bit of History 65 Long-Tail Successes 67 Cautionary Tales 67 Facts of Life
68 Implications 69 Looking Ahead 70 Notes 71 CHAPTER 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73 Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75 People
Systematically Misestimate Risk 76 Doing It Right 77 Looking Ahead 81 Notes
81 SECTION II WORK AND ORGANIZATION 83 CHAPTER 8 A Brief History of
Organizational Innovation 85 1776: Division of Labor 85 1860-1890:
Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86 1910: Scientific Management and
the Further Division of Labor 87 1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937-1981: Transaction Costs 88 1980s: Economies of Scope and Core
Competencies 89 1995: Linux as "Commons-Based Peer Production" 90 2000:
Offshore 91 Looking Ahead 91 Notes 92 CHAPTER 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and
Collaboratives 93 Emerging Nonfirm Models 93 Distributed Capital 98 Looking
Ahead 100 Notes 101 CHAPTER 10 Government 103 The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107 Inevitable Downsizing 108 Government
on the Technology Landscape 110 Looking Ahead 112 Notes 113 CHAPTER 11
Crowds 115 Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115 Information Markets and Other
Crowd Wisdom 119 Varieties of Market Experience 122 Looking Ahead 123 Notes
124 CHAPTER 12 Mobility 127 Bottom Up 127 Search Costs 130 Supply Chain
Efficiency 130 Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131 Risk Mitigation 132 Apps
for Change 133 Looking Ahead 136 Notes 137 CHAPTER 13 Work 139 The Big
Picture: Macro Trends 139 Where 141 Outputs 143 Skills 144 Work 146 Looking
Ahead 149 Notes 150 CHAPTER 14 Productivity 153 Classic Productivity
Definitions 154 Services Productivity 155 Services Productivity and
Information Technology 156 Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159 Notes 160 SECTION III BUSINESS MODEL DISRUPTION 161
CHAPTER 15 Business Model Overview 163 Definition 164 Changing Minds,
Changing Models 165 Disruptive Innovation 166 Disruptive Innovation as
Paradigm Shift 168 Looking Ahead 168 Notes 169 CHAPTER 16 Data and
Communications 171 Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877-1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996-2010 174 Implications of "Stupid" Networks
177 Looking Ahead 178 Notes 178 CHAPTER 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179 Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187 Notes 188 CHAPTER 18 Music Business Models 189 Incumbent
Model Pre-2000 189 Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192 Business Model
Disruption Post-Napster 194 Looking Ahead 197 Notes 198 CHAPTER 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199 Business Model Disruption 203 Looking Ahead
205 Notes 207 CHAPTER 20 Healthcare 209 Definitions 210 Healthcare as Car
Repair for People? 211 Following the Money 212 Where Information Technology
Can and Cannot Help 214 Disruptive Innovation 216 Looking Ahead 219 Notes
220 CHAPTER 21 Two Disruptions that Weren't 221 Retail 221 Real Estate 227
Notes 229 SECTION IV TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPES 231 CHAPTER 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234 Fungibility 235 Code Embeds Value Judgments 236 Metadata
237 Social Metadata 238 Looking Ahead 240 Notes 241 CHAPTER 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243 Ubiquity 244 Current Examples 246 Phones as Sensors
249 Looking Ahead 250 Notes 251 CHAPTER 24 The Internet and Other Networks
253 Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254 Defense Origins of the Internet
255 Internet Principles 257 Consequences of Internet Principles 259 Looking
Ahead 260 Notes 260 CHAPTER 25 Location Awareness 263 Variations on a Theme
265 Landmarks 266 Location, Mobility, and Identity 268 Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270 CHAPTER 26 Clouds 271 Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273 The Cloud Will Change How Resources
Are Organized 275 Practical Considerations 276 Looking Ahead 278 Notes 278
CHAPTER 27 Wireless 281 Precedents 281 The Breakthrough 286 Looking Ahead
289 Notes 290 CHAPTER 28 Search 291 Why Search Matters: Context 291 The
Wide Reach of Search 294 Valuing Search 296 Looking Ahead 297 Notes 301
CHAPTER 29 Analytics 303 Why Now? 304 Practical Considerations: Why
Analytics Is Still Hard 308 Looking Ahead 309 Notes 310 CHAPTER 30
Information Visualization 311 Supply 311 Demand 311 Audience 312 Definition
and Purpose 312 Current State 313 Looking Ahead 316 Notes 317 SECTION V
SOME BIG QUESTIONS 319 CHAPTER 31 Identity and Privacy 321 Privacy 322
Scale 323 Invisibility 325 Identity 326 Looking Ahead 327 Notes 329 CHAPTER
32 Communications and Relationships 331 Connections 331 Networks 336
Creation 340 Looking Ahead 341 Notes 342 CHAPTER 33 Place, Space, and Time
343 Virtuality 345 Organizations 346 Automata 347 Implications 348 Looking
Ahead 349 Notes 350 CHAPTER 34 Conflict 351 Warfare between Nation-States
351 Non-Nation-State Actors 353 Emerging Offensive Weapons 357 Looking
Ahead 358 Notes 359 CHAPTER 35 Innovation 361 Amazon 361 Crowds 367 Looking
Ahead 369 Notes 370 CHAPTER 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371 Globalization 372 Strategy 373 Organizations 380 Marketing
381 Supply Chains 385 The IT Shop 386 Implications 387 The Last Word . . .
388 Notes 388 About the Author 391 Index 393
Introduction 3 Cognition 4 Innovation 6 The Macro Picture 8 Earthquakes
Every Year 11 Themes 18 We've Seen This Movie Before 21 Notes 23 CHAPTER 2
Demographics 25 Is There a "Net Generation"? 26 Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29 Behavior and Expectations 30 Looking Ahead 30 Notes
33 CHAPTER 3 Behavioral Economics 35 Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37 Looking Ahead 40 Notes 41
CHAPTER 4 Information Economics 43 Information Goods 44 Pricing
Information: Versioning and Bundling 46 Network Effects 48 Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50 Notes 55 CHAPTER 5 Platforms 57 Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63 Notes 63 CHAPTER 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65 A
Bit of History 65 Long-Tail Successes 67 Cautionary Tales 67 Facts of Life
68 Implications 69 Looking Ahead 70 Notes 71 CHAPTER 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73 Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75 People
Systematically Misestimate Risk 76 Doing It Right 77 Looking Ahead 81 Notes
81 SECTION II WORK AND ORGANIZATION 83 CHAPTER 8 A Brief History of
Organizational Innovation 85 1776: Division of Labor 85 1860-1890:
Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86 1910: Scientific Management and
the Further Division of Labor 87 1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937-1981: Transaction Costs 88 1980s: Economies of Scope and Core
Competencies 89 1995: Linux as "Commons-Based Peer Production" 90 2000:
Offshore 91 Looking Ahead 91 Notes 92 CHAPTER 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and
Collaboratives 93 Emerging Nonfirm Models 93 Distributed Capital 98 Looking
Ahead 100 Notes 101 CHAPTER 10 Government 103 The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107 Inevitable Downsizing 108 Government
on the Technology Landscape 110 Looking Ahead 112 Notes 113 CHAPTER 11
Crowds 115 Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115 Information Markets and Other
Crowd Wisdom 119 Varieties of Market Experience 122 Looking Ahead 123 Notes
124 CHAPTER 12 Mobility 127 Bottom Up 127 Search Costs 130 Supply Chain
Efficiency 130 Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131 Risk Mitigation 132 Apps
for Change 133 Looking Ahead 136 Notes 137 CHAPTER 13 Work 139 The Big
Picture: Macro Trends 139 Where 141 Outputs 143 Skills 144 Work 146 Looking
Ahead 149 Notes 150 CHAPTER 14 Productivity 153 Classic Productivity
Definitions 154 Services Productivity 155 Services Productivity and
Information Technology 156 Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159 Notes 160 SECTION III BUSINESS MODEL DISRUPTION 161
CHAPTER 15 Business Model Overview 163 Definition 164 Changing Minds,
Changing Models 165 Disruptive Innovation 166 Disruptive Innovation as
Paradigm Shift 168 Looking Ahead 168 Notes 169 CHAPTER 16 Data and
Communications 171 Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877-1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996-2010 174 Implications of "Stupid" Networks
177 Looking Ahead 178 Notes 178 CHAPTER 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179 Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187 Notes 188 CHAPTER 18 Music Business Models 189 Incumbent
Model Pre-2000 189 Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192 Business Model
Disruption Post-Napster 194 Looking Ahead 197 Notes 198 CHAPTER 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199 Business Model Disruption 203 Looking Ahead
205 Notes 207 CHAPTER 20 Healthcare 209 Definitions 210 Healthcare as Car
Repair for People? 211 Following the Money 212 Where Information Technology
Can and Cannot Help 214 Disruptive Innovation 216 Looking Ahead 219 Notes
220 CHAPTER 21 Two Disruptions that Weren't 221 Retail 221 Real Estate 227
Notes 229 SECTION IV TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPES 231 CHAPTER 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234 Fungibility 235 Code Embeds Value Judgments 236 Metadata
237 Social Metadata 238 Looking Ahead 240 Notes 241 CHAPTER 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243 Ubiquity 244 Current Examples 246 Phones as Sensors
249 Looking Ahead 250 Notes 251 CHAPTER 24 The Internet and Other Networks
253 Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254 Defense Origins of the Internet
255 Internet Principles 257 Consequences of Internet Principles 259 Looking
Ahead 260 Notes 260 CHAPTER 25 Location Awareness 263 Variations on a Theme
265 Landmarks 266 Location, Mobility, and Identity 268 Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270 CHAPTER 26 Clouds 271 Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273 The Cloud Will Change How Resources
Are Organized 275 Practical Considerations 276 Looking Ahead 278 Notes 278
CHAPTER 27 Wireless 281 Precedents 281 The Breakthrough 286 Looking Ahead
289 Notes 290 CHAPTER 28 Search 291 Why Search Matters: Context 291 The
Wide Reach of Search 294 Valuing Search 296 Looking Ahead 297 Notes 301
CHAPTER 29 Analytics 303 Why Now? 304 Practical Considerations: Why
Analytics Is Still Hard 308 Looking Ahead 309 Notes 310 CHAPTER 30
Information Visualization 311 Supply 311 Demand 311 Audience 312 Definition
and Purpose 312 Current State 313 Looking Ahead 316 Notes 317 SECTION V
SOME BIG QUESTIONS 319 CHAPTER 31 Identity and Privacy 321 Privacy 322
Scale 323 Invisibility 325 Identity 326 Looking Ahead 327 Notes 329 CHAPTER
32 Communications and Relationships 331 Connections 331 Networks 336
Creation 340 Looking Ahead 341 Notes 342 CHAPTER 33 Place, Space, and Time
343 Virtuality 345 Organizations 346 Automata 347 Implications 348 Looking
Ahead 349 Notes 350 CHAPTER 34 Conflict 351 Warfare between Nation-States
351 Non-Nation-State Actors 353 Emerging Offensive Weapons 357 Looking
Ahead 358 Notes 359 CHAPTER 35 Innovation 361 Amazon 361 Crowds 367 Looking
Ahead 369 Notes 370 CHAPTER 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371 Globalization 372 Strategy 373 Organizations 380 Marketing
381 Supply Chains 385 The IT Shop 386 Implications 387 The Last Word . . .
388 Notes 388 About the Author 391 Index 393
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Section I Foundations 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Cognition 4
Innovation 6
The Macro Picture 8
Earthquakes Every Year 11
Themes 18
We’ve Seen This Movie Before 21
Notes 23
Chapter 2 Demographics 25
Is There a “Net Generation”? 26
Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29
Behavior and Expectations 30
Looking Ahead 30
Notes 33
Chapter 3 Behavioral Economics 35
Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37
Looking Ahead 40
Notes 41
Chapter 4 Information Economics 43
Information Goods 44
Pricing Information: Versioning and Bundling 46
Network Effects 48
Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50
Notes 55
Chapter 5 Platforms 57
Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63
Notes 63
Chapter 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65
A Bit of History 65
Long-Tail Successes 67
Cautionary Tales 67
Facts of Life 68
Implications 69
Looking Ahead 70
Notes 71
Chapter 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73
Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75
People Systematically Misestimate Risk 76
Doing It Right 77
Looking Ahead 81
Notes 81
Section II Work and Organization 83
Chapter 8 A Brief History of Organizational Innovation 85
1776: Division of Labor 85
1860–1890: Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86
1910: Scientific Management and the Further Division of Labor 87
1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937–1981: Transaction Costs 88
1980s: Economies of Scope and Core Competencies 89
1995: Linux as “Commons-Based Peer Production” 90
2000: Offshore 91
Looking Ahead 91
Notes 92
Chapter 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and Collaboratives 93
Emerging Nonfirm Models 93
Distributed Capital 98
Looking Ahead 100
Notes 101
Chapter 10 Government 103
The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107
Inevitable Downsizing 108
Government on the Technology Landscape 110
Looking Ahead 112
Notes 113
Chapter 11 Crowds 115
Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115
Information Markets and Other Crowd Wisdom 119
Varieties of Market Experience 122
Looking Ahead 123
Notes 124
Chapter 12 Mobility 127
Bottom Up 127
Search Costs 130
Supply Chain Efficiency 130
Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131
Risk Mitigation 132
Apps for Change 133
Looking Ahead 136
Notes 137
Chapter 13 Work 139
The Big Picture: Macro Trends 139
Where 141
Outputs 143
Skills 144
Work 146
Looking Ahead 149
Notes 150
Chapter 14 Productivity 153
Classic Productivity Definitions 154
Services Productivity 155
Services Productivity and Information Technology 156
Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159
Notes 160
Section III Business Model Disruption 161
Chapter 15 Business Model Overview 163
Definition 164
Changing Minds, Changing Models 165
Disruptive Innovation 166
Disruptive Innovation as Paradigm Shift 168
Looking Ahead 168
Notes 169
Chapter 16 Data and Communications 171
Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877–1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996–2010 174
Implications of “Stupid” Networks 177
Looking Ahead 178
Notes 178
Chapter 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179
Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187
Notes 188
Chapter 18 Music Business Models 189
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 189
Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192
Business Model Disruption Post-Napster 194
Looking Ahead 197
Notes 198
Chapter 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199
Business Model Disruption 203
Looking Ahead 205
Notes 207
Chapter 20 Healthcare 209
Definitions 210
Healthcare as Car Repair for People? 211
Following the Money 212
Where Information Technology Can and Cannot Help 214
Disruptive Innovation 216
Looking Ahead 219
Notes 220
Chapter 21 Two Disruptions that Weren’t 221
Retail 221
Real Estate 227
Notes 229
Section IV Technology Landscapes 231
Chapter 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234
Fungibility 235
Code Embeds Value Judgments 236
Metadata 237
Social Metadata 238
Looking Ahead 240
Notes 241
Chapter 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243
Ubiquity 244
Current Examples 246
Phones as Sensors 249
Looking Ahead 250
Notes 251
Chapter 24 The Internet and Other Networks 253
Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254
Defense Origins of the Internet 255
Internet Principles 257
Consequences of Internet Principles 259
Looking Ahead 260
Notes 260
Chapter 25 Location Awareness 263
Variations on a Theme 265
Landmarks 266
Location, Mobility, and Identity 268
Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270
Chapter 26 Clouds 271
Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273
The Cloud Will Change How
Resources Are Organized 275
Practical Considerations 276
Looking Ahead 278
Notes 278
Chapter 27 Wireless 281
Precedents 281
The Breakthrough 286
Looking Ahead 289
Notes 290
Chapter 28 Search 291
Why Search Matters: Context 291
The Wide Reach of Search 294
Valuing Search 296
Looking Ahead 297
Notes 301
Chapter 29 Analytics 303
Why Now? 304
Practical Considerations: Why Analytics Is Still Hard 308
Looking Ahead 309
Notes 310
Chapter 30 Information Visualization 311
Supply 311
Demand 311
Audience 312
Definition and Purpose 312
Current State 313
Looking Ahead 316
Notes 317
Section V Some Big Questions 319
Chapter 31 Identity and Privacy 321
Privacy 322
Scale 323
Invisibility 325
Identity 326
Looking Ahead 327
Notes 329
Chapter 32 Communications and Relationships 331
Connections 331
Networks 336
Creation 340
Looking Ahead 341
Notes 342
Chapter 33 Place, Space, and Time 343
Virtuality 345
Organizations 346
Automata 347
Implications 348
Looking Ahead 349
Notes 350
Chapter 34 Conflict 351
Warfare between Nation-States 351
Non-Nation-State Actors 353
Emerging Offensive Weapons 357
Looking Ahead 358
Notes 359
Chapter 35 Innovation 361
Amazon 361
Crowds 367
Looking Ahead 369
Notes 370
Chapter 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371
Globalization 372
Strategy 373
Organizations 380
Marketing 381
Supply Chains 385
The IT Shop 386
Implications 387
The Last Word . . . 388
Notes 388
About the Author 391
Index 393
Acknowledgments xix
Section I Foundations 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Cognition 4
Innovation 6
The Macro Picture 8
Earthquakes Every Year 11
Themes 18
We’ve Seen This Movie Before 21
Notes 23
Chapter 2 Demographics 25
Is There a “Net Generation”? 26
Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29
Behavior and Expectations 30
Looking Ahead 30
Notes 33
Chapter 3 Behavioral Economics 35
Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37
Looking Ahead 40
Notes 41
Chapter 4 Information Economics 43
Information Goods 44
Pricing Information: Versioning and Bundling 46
Network Effects 48
Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50
Notes 55
Chapter 5 Platforms 57
Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63
Notes 63
Chapter 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65
A Bit of History 65
Long-Tail Successes 67
Cautionary Tales 67
Facts of Life 68
Implications 69
Looking Ahead 70
Notes 71
Chapter 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73
Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75
People Systematically Misestimate Risk 76
Doing It Right 77
Looking Ahead 81
Notes 81
Section II Work and Organization 83
Chapter 8 A Brief History of Organizational Innovation 85
1776: Division of Labor 85
1860–1890: Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86
1910: Scientific Management and the Further Division of Labor 87
1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937–1981: Transaction Costs 88
1980s: Economies of Scope and Core Competencies 89
1995: Linux as “Commons-Based Peer Production” 90
2000: Offshore 91
Looking Ahead 91
Notes 92
Chapter 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and Collaboratives 93
Emerging Nonfirm Models 93
Distributed Capital 98
Looking Ahead 100
Notes 101
Chapter 10 Government 103
The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107
Inevitable Downsizing 108
Government on the Technology Landscape 110
Looking Ahead 112
Notes 113
Chapter 11 Crowds 115
Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115
Information Markets and Other Crowd Wisdom 119
Varieties of Market Experience 122
Looking Ahead 123
Notes 124
Chapter 12 Mobility 127
Bottom Up 127
Search Costs 130
Supply Chain Efficiency 130
Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131
Risk Mitigation 132
Apps for Change 133
Looking Ahead 136
Notes 137
Chapter 13 Work 139
The Big Picture: Macro Trends 139
Where 141
Outputs 143
Skills 144
Work 146
Looking Ahead 149
Notes 150
Chapter 14 Productivity 153
Classic Productivity Definitions 154
Services Productivity 155
Services Productivity and Information Technology 156
Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159
Notes 160
Section III Business Model Disruption 161
Chapter 15 Business Model Overview 163
Definition 164
Changing Minds, Changing Models 165
Disruptive Innovation 166
Disruptive Innovation as Paradigm Shift 168
Looking Ahead 168
Notes 169
Chapter 16 Data and Communications 171
Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877–1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996–2010 174
Implications of “Stupid” Networks 177
Looking Ahead 178
Notes 178
Chapter 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179
Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187
Notes 188
Chapter 18 Music Business Models 189
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 189
Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192
Business Model Disruption Post-Napster 194
Looking Ahead 197
Notes 198
Chapter 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199
Business Model Disruption 203
Looking Ahead 205
Notes 207
Chapter 20 Healthcare 209
Definitions 210
Healthcare as Car Repair for People? 211
Following the Money 212
Where Information Technology Can and Cannot Help 214
Disruptive Innovation 216
Looking Ahead 219
Notes 220
Chapter 21 Two Disruptions that Weren’t 221
Retail 221
Real Estate 227
Notes 229
Section IV Technology Landscapes 231
Chapter 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234
Fungibility 235
Code Embeds Value Judgments 236
Metadata 237
Social Metadata 238
Looking Ahead 240
Notes 241
Chapter 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243
Ubiquity 244
Current Examples 246
Phones as Sensors 249
Looking Ahead 250
Notes 251
Chapter 24 The Internet and Other Networks 253
Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254
Defense Origins of the Internet 255
Internet Principles 257
Consequences of Internet Principles 259
Looking Ahead 260
Notes 260
Chapter 25 Location Awareness 263
Variations on a Theme 265
Landmarks 266
Location, Mobility, and Identity 268
Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270
Chapter 26 Clouds 271
Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273
The Cloud Will Change How
Resources Are Organized 275
Practical Considerations 276
Looking Ahead 278
Notes 278
Chapter 27 Wireless 281
Precedents 281
The Breakthrough 286
Looking Ahead 289
Notes 290
Chapter 28 Search 291
Why Search Matters: Context 291
The Wide Reach of Search 294
Valuing Search 296
Looking Ahead 297
Notes 301
Chapter 29 Analytics 303
Why Now? 304
Practical Considerations: Why Analytics Is Still Hard 308
Looking Ahead 309
Notes 310
Chapter 30 Information Visualization 311
Supply 311
Demand 311
Audience 312
Definition and Purpose 312
Current State 313
Looking Ahead 316
Notes 317
Section V Some Big Questions 319
Chapter 31 Identity and Privacy 321
Privacy 322
Scale 323
Invisibility 325
Identity 326
Looking Ahead 327
Notes 329
Chapter 32 Communications and Relationships 331
Connections 331
Networks 336
Creation 340
Looking Ahead 341
Notes 342
Chapter 33 Place, Space, and Time 343
Virtuality 345
Organizations 346
Automata 347
Implications 348
Looking Ahead 349
Notes 350
Chapter 34 Conflict 351
Warfare between Nation-States 351
Non-Nation-State Actors 353
Emerging Offensive Weapons 357
Looking Ahead 358
Notes 359
Chapter 35 Innovation 361
Amazon 361
Crowds 367
Looking Ahead 369
Notes 370
Chapter 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371
Globalization 372
Strategy 373
Organizations 380
Marketing 381
Supply Chains 385
The IT Shop 386
Implications 387
The Last Word . . . 388
Notes 388
About the Author 391
Index 393
Preface xv Acknowledgments xix SECTION I FOUNDATIONS 1 CHAPTER 1
Introduction 3 Cognition 4 Innovation 6 The Macro Picture 8 Earthquakes
Every Year 11 Themes 18 We've Seen This Movie Before 21 Notes 23 CHAPTER 2
Demographics 25 Is There a "Net Generation"? 26 Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29 Behavior and Expectations 30 Looking Ahead 30 Notes
33 CHAPTER 3 Behavioral Economics 35 Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37 Looking Ahead 40 Notes 41
CHAPTER 4 Information Economics 43 Information Goods 44 Pricing
Information: Versioning and Bundling 46 Network Effects 48 Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50 Notes 55 CHAPTER 5 Platforms 57 Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63 Notes 63 CHAPTER 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65 A
Bit of History 65 Long-Tail Successes 67 Cautionary Tales 67 Facts of Life
68 Implications 69 Looking Ahead 70 Notes 71 CHAPTER 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73 Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75 People
Systematically Misestimate Risk 76 Doing It Right 77 Looking Ahead 81 Notes
81 SECTION II WORK AND ORGANIZATION 83 CHAPTER 8 A Brief History of
Organizational Innovation 85 1776: Division of Labor 85 1860-1890:
Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86 1910: Scientific Management and
the Further Division of Labor 87 1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937-1981: Transaction Costs 88 1980s: Economies of Scope and Core
Competencies 89 1995: Linux as "Commons-Based Peer Production" 90 2000:
Offshore 91 Looking Ahead 91 Notes 92 CHAPTER 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and
Collaboratives 93 Emerging Nonfirm Models 93 Distributed Capital 98 Looking
Ahead 100 Notes 101 CHAPTER 10 Government 103 The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107 Inevitable Downsizing 108 Government
on the Technology Landscape 110 Looking Ahead 112 Notes 113 CHAPTER 11
Crowds 115 Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115 Information Markets and Other
Crowd Wisdom 119 Varieties of Market Experience 122 Looking Ahead 123 Notes
124 CHAPTER 12 Mobility 127 Bottom Up 127 Search Costs 130 Supply Chain
Efficiency 130 Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131 Risk Mitigation 132 Apps
for Change 133 Looking Ahead 136 Notes 137 CHAPTER 13 Work 139 The Big
Picture: Macro Trends 139 Where 141 Outputs 143 Skills 144 Work 146 Looking
Ahead 149 Notes 150 CHAPTER 14 Productivity 153 Classic Productivity
Definitions 154 Services Productivity 155 Services Productivity and
Information Technology 156 Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159 Notes 160 SECTION III BUSINESS MODEL DISRUPTION 161
CHAPTER 15 Business Model Overview 163 Definition 164 Changing Minds,
Changing Models 165 Disruptive Innovation 166 Disruptive Innovation as
Paradigm Shift 168 Looking Ahead 168 Notes 169 CHAPTER 16 Data and
Communications 171 Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877-1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996-2010 174 Implications of "Stupid" Networks
177 Looking Ahead 178 Notes 178 CHAPTER 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179 Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187 Notes 188 CHAPTER 18 Music Business Models 189 Incumbent
Model Pre-2000 189 Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192 Business Model
Disruption Post-Napster 194 Looking Ahead 197 Notes 198 CHAPTER 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199 Business Model Disruption 203 Looking Ahead
205 Notes 207 CHAPTER 20 Healthcare 209 Definitions 210 Healthcare as Car
Repair for People? 211 Following the Money 212 Where Information Technology
Can and Cannot Help 214 Disruptive Innovation 216 Looking Ahead 219 Notes
220 CHAPTER 21 Two Disruptions that Weren't 221 Retail 221 Real Estate 227
Notes 229 SECTION IV TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPES 231 CHAPTER 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234 Fungibility 235 Code Embeds Value Judgments 236 Metadata
237 Social Metadata 238 Looking Ahead 240 Notes 241 CHAPTER 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243 Ubiquity 244 Current Examples 246 Phones as Sensors
249 Looking Ahead 250 Notes 251 CHAPTER 24 The Internet and Other Networks
253 Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254 Defense Origins of the Internet
255 Internet Principles 257 Consequences of Internet Principles 259 Looking
Ahead 260 Notes 260 CHAPTER 25 Location Awareness 263 Variations on a Theme
265 Landmarks 266 Location, Mobility, and Identity 268 Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270 CHAPTER 26 Clouds 271 Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273 The Cloud Will Change How Resources
Are Organized 275 Practical Considerations 276 Looking Ahead 278 Notes 278
CHAPTER 27 Wireless 281 Precedents 281 The Breakthrough 286 Looking Ahead
289 Notes 290 CHAPTER 28 Search 291 Why Search Matters: Context 291 The
Wide Reach of Search 294 Valuing Search 296 Looking Ahead 297 Notes 301
CHAPTER 29 Analytics 303 Why Now? 304 Practical Considerations: Why
Analytics Is Still Hard 308 Looking Ahead 309 Notes 310 CHAPTER 30
Information Visualization 311 Supply 311 Demand 311 Audience 312 Definition
and Purpose 312 Current State 313 Looking Ahead 316 Notes 317 SECTION V
SOME BIG QUESTIONS 319 CHAPTER 31 Identity and Privacy 321 Privacy 322
Scale 323 Invisibility 325 Identity 326 Looking Ahead 327 Notes 329 CHAPTER
32 Communications and Relationships 331 Connections 331 Networks 336
Creation 340 Looking Ahead 341 Notes 342 CHAPTER 33 Place, Space, and Time
343 Virtuality 345 Organizations 346 Automata 347 Implications 348 Looking
Ahead 349 Notes 350 CHAPTER 34 Conflict 351 Warfare between Nation-States
351 Non-Nation-State Actors 353 Emerging Offensive Weapons 357 Looking
Ahead 358 Notes 359 CHAPTER 35 Innovation 361 Amazon 361 Crowds 367 Looking
Ahead 369 Notes 370 CHAPTER 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371 Globalization 372 Strategy 373 Organizations 380 Marketing
381 Supply Chains 385 The IT Shop 386 Implications 387 The Last Word . . .
388 Notes 388 About the Author 391 Index 393
Introduction 3 Cognition 4 Innovation 6 The Macro Picture 8 Earthquakes
Every Year 11 Themes 18 We've Seen This Movie Before 21 Notes 23 CHAPTER 2
Demographics 25 Is There a "Net Generation"? 26 Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29 Behavior and Expectations 30 Looking Ahead 30 Notes
33 CHAPTER 3 Behavioral Economics 35 Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37 Looking Ahead 40 Notes 41
CHAPTER 4 Information Economics 43 Information Goods 44 Pricing
Information: Versioning and Bundling 46 Network Effects 48 Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50 Notes 55 CHAPTER 5 Platforms 57 Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63 Notes 63 CHAPTER 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65 A
Bit of History 65 Long-Tail Successes 67 Cautionary Tales 67 Facts of Life
68 Implications 69 Looking Ahead 70 Notes 71 CHAPTER 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73 Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75 People
Systematically Misestimate Risk 76 Doing It Right 77 Looking Ahead 81 Notes
81 SECTION II WORK AND ORGANIZATION 83 CHAPTER 8 A Brief History of
Organizational Innovation 85 1776: Division of Labor 85 1860-1890:
Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86 1910: Scientific Management and
the Further Division of Labor 87 1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937-1981: Transaction Costs 88 1980s: Economies of Scope and Core
Competencies 89 1995: Linux as "Commons-Based Peer Production" 90 2000:
Offshore 91 Looking Ahead 91 Notes 92 CHAPTER 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and
Collaboratives 93 Emerging Nonfirm Models 93 Distributed Capital 98 Looking
Ahead 100 Notes 101 CHAPTER 10 Government 103 The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107 Inevitable Downsizing 108 Government
on the Technology Landscape 110 Looking Ahead 112 Notes 113 CHAPTER 11
Crowds 115 Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115 Information Markets and Other
Crowd Wisdom 119 Varieties of Market Experience 122 Looking Ahead 123 Notes
124 CHAPTER 12 Mobility 127 Bottom Up 127 Search Costs 130 Supply Chain
Efficiency 130 Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131 Risk Mitigation 132 Apps
for Change 133 Looking Ahead 136 Notes 137 CHAPTER 13 Work 139 The Big
Picture: Macro Trends 139 Where 141 Outputs 143 Skills 144 Work 146 Looking
Ahead 149 Notes 150 CHAPTER 14 Productivity 153 Classic Productivity
Definitions 154 Services Productivity 155 Services Productivity and
Information Technology 156 Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159 Notes 160 SECTION III BUSINESS MODEL DISRUPTION 161
CHAPTER 15 Business Model Overview 163 Definition 164 Changing Minds,
Changing Models 165 Disruptive Innovation 166 Disruptive Innovation as
Paradigm Shift 168 Looking Ahead 168 Notes 169 CHAPTER 16 Data and
Communications 171 Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877-1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996-2010 174 Implications of "Stupid" Networks
177 Looking Ahead 178 Notes 178 CHAPTER 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179 Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187 Notes 188 CHAPTER 18 Music Business Models 189 Incumbent
Model Pre-2000 189 Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192 Business Model
Disruption Post-Napster 194 Looking Ahead 197 Notes 198 CHAPTER 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199 Business Model Disruption 203 Looking Ahead
205 Notes 207 CHAPTER 20 Healthcare 209 Definitions 210 Healthcare as Car
Repair for People? 211 Following the Money 212 Where Information Technology
Can and Cannot Help 214 Disruptive Innovation 216 Looking Ahead 219 Notes
220 CHAPTER 21 Two Disruptions that Weren't 221 Retail 221 Real Estate 227
Notes 229 SECTION IV TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPES 231 CHAPTER 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234 Fungibility 235 Code Embeds Value Judgments 236 Metadata
237 Social Metadata 238 Looking Ahead 240 Notes 241 CHAPTER 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243 Ubiquity 244 Current Examples 246 Phones as Sensors
249 Looking Ahead 250 Notes 251 CHAPTER 24 The Internet and Other Networks
253 Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254 Defense Origins of the Internet
255 Internet Principles 257 Consequences of Internet Principles 259 Looking
Ahead 260 Notes 260 CHAPTER 25 Location Awareness 263 Variations on a Theme
265 Landmarks 266 Location, Mobility, and Identity 268 Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270 CHAPTER 26 Clouds 271 Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273 The Cloud Will Change How Resources
Are Organized 275 Practical Considerations 276 Looking Ahead 278 Notes 278
CHAPTER 27 Wireless 281 Precedents 281 The Breakthrough 286 Looking Ahead
289 Notes 290 CHAPTER 28 Search 291 Why Search Matters: Context 291 The
Wide Reach of Search 294 Valuing Search 296 Looking Ahead 297 Notes 301
CHAPTER 29 Analytics 303 Why Now? 304 Practical Considerations: Why
Analytics Is Still Hard 308 Looking Ahead 309 Notes 310 CHAPTER 30
Information Visualization 311 Supply 311 Demand 311 Audience 312 Definition
and Purpose 312 Current State 313 Looking Ahead 316 Notes 317 SECTION V
SOME BIG QUESTIONS 319 CHAPTER 31 Identity and Privacy 321 Privacy 322
Scale 323 Invisibility 325 Identity 326 Looking Ahead 327 Notes 329 CHAPTER
32 Communications and Relationships 331 Connections 331 Networks 336
Creation 340 Looking Ahead 341 Notes 342 CHAPTER 33 Place, Space, and Time
343 Virtuality 345 Organizations 346 Automata 347 Implications 348 Looking
Ahead 349 Notes 350 CHAPTER 34 Conflict 351 Warfare between Nation-States
351 Non-Nation-State Actors 353 Emerging Offensive Weapons 357 Looking
Ahead 358 Notes 359 CHAPTER 35 Innovation 361 Amazon 361 Crowds 367 Looking
Ahead 369 Notes 370 CHAPTER 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371 Globalization 372 Strategy 373 Organizations 380 Marketing
381 Supply Chains 385 The IT Shop 386 Implications 387 The Last Word . . .
388 Notes 388 About the Author 391 Index 393
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Section I Foundations 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Cognition 4
Innovation 6
The Macro Picture 8
Earthquakes Every Year 11
Themes 18
We’ve Seen This Movie Before 21
Notes 23
Chapter 2 Demographics 25
Is There a “Net Generation”? 26
Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29
Behavior and Expectations 30
Looking Ahead 30
Notes 33
Chapter 3 Behavioral Economics 35
Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37
Looking Ahead 40
Notes 41
Chapter 4 Information Economics 43
Information Goods 44
Pricing Information: Versioning and Bundling 46
Network Effects 48
Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50
Notes 55
Chapter 5 Platforms 57
Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63
Notes 63
Chapter 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65
A Bit of History 65
Long-Tail Successes 67
Cautionary Tales 67
Facts of Life 68
Implications 69
Looking Ahead 70
Notes 71
Chapter 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73
Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75
People Systematically Misestimate Risk 76
Doing It Right 77
Looking Ahead 81
Notes 81
Section II Work and Organization 83
Chapter 8 A Brief History of Organizational Innovation 85
1776: Division of Labor 85
1860–1890: Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86
1910: Scientific Management and the Further Division of Labor 87
1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937–1981: Transaction Costs 88
1980s: Economies of Scope and Core Competencies 89
1995: Linux as “Commons-Based Peer Production” 90
2000: Offshore 91
Looking Ahead 91
Notes 92
Chapter 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and Collaboratives 93
Emerging Nonfirm Models 93
Distributed Capital 98
Looking Ahead 100
Notes 101
Chapter 10 Government 103
The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107
Inevitable Downsizing 108
Government on the Technology Landscape 110
Looking Ahead 112
Notes 113
Chapter 11 Crowds 115
Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115
Information Markets and Other Crowd Wisdom 119
Varieties of Market Experience 122
Looking Ahead 123
Notes 124
Chapter 12 Mobility 127
Bottom Up 127
Search Costs 130
Supply Chain Efficiency 130
Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131
Risk Mitigation 132
Apps for Change 133
Looking Ahead 136
Notes 137
Chapter 13 Work 139
The Big Picture: Macro Trends 139
Where 141
Outputs 143
Skills 144
Work 146
Looking Ahead 149
Notes 150
Chapter 14 Productivity 153
Classic Productivity Definitions 154
Services Productivity 155
Services Productivity and Information Technology 156
Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159
Notes 160
Section III Business Model Disruption 161
Chapter 15 Business Model Overview 163
Definition 164
Changing Minds, Changing Models 165
Disruptive Innovation 166
Disruptive Innovation as Paradigm Shift 168
Looking Ahead 168
Notes 169
Chapter 16 Data and Communications 171
Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877–1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996–2010 174
Implications of “Stupid” Networks 177
Looking Ahead 178
Notes 178
Chapter 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179
Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187
Notes 188
Chapter 18 Music Business Models 189
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 189
Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192
Business Model Disruption Post-Napster 194
Looking Ahead 197
Notes 198
Chapter 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199
Business Model Disruption 203
Looking Ahead 205
Notes 207
Chapter 20 Healthcare 209
Definitions 210
Healthcare as Car Repair for People? 211
Following the Money 212
Where Information Technology Can and Cannot Help 214
Disruptive Innovation 216
Looking Ahead 219
Notes 220
Chapter 21 Two Disruptions that Weren’t 221
Retail 221
Real Estate 227
Notes 229
Section IV Technology Landscapes 231
Chapter 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234
Fungibility 235
Code Embeds Value Judgments 236
Metadata 237
Social Metadata 238
Looking Ahead 240
Notes 241
Chapter 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243
Ubiquity 244
Current Examples 246
Phones as Sensors 249
Looking Ahead 250
Notes 251
Chapter 24 The Internet and Other Networks 253
Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254
Defense Origins of the Internet 255
Internet Principles 257
Consequences of Internet Principles 259
Looking Ahead 260
Notes 260
Chapter 25 Location Awareness 263
Variations on a Theme 265
Landmarks 266
Location, Mobility, and Identity 268
Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270
Chapter 26 Clouds 271
Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273
The Cloud Will Change How
Resources Are Organized 275
Practical Considerations 276
Looking Ahead 278
Notes 278
Chapter 27 Wireless 281
Precedents 281
The Breakthrough 286
Looking Ahead 289
Notes 290
Chapter 28 Search 291
Why Search Matters: Context 291
The Wide Reach of Search 294
Valuing Search 296
Looking Ahead 297
Notes 301
Chapter 29 Analytics 303
Why Now? 304
Practical Considerations: Why Analytics Is Still Hard 308
Looking Ahead 309
Notes 310
Chapter 30 Information Visualization 311
Supply 311
Demand 311
Audience 312
Definition and Purpose 312
Current State 313
Looking Ahead 316
Notes 317
Section V Some Big Questions 319
Chapter 31 Identity and Privacy 321
Privacy 322
Scale 323
Invisibility 325
Identity 326
Looking Ahead 327
Notes 329
Chapter 32 Communications and Relationships 331
Connections 331
Networks 336
Creation 340
Looking Ahead 341
Notes 342
Chapter 33 Place, Space, and Time 343
Virtuality 345
Organizations 346
Automata 347
Implications 348
Looking Ahead 349
Notes 350
Chapter 34 Conflict 351
Warfare between Nation-States 351
Non-Nation-State Actors 353
Emerging Offensive Weapons 357
Looking Ahead 358
Notes 359
Chapter 35 Innovation 361
Amazon 361
Crowds 367
Looking Ahead 369
Notes 370
Chapter 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371
Globalization 372
Strategy 373
Organizations 380
Marketing 381
Supply Chains 385
The IT Shop 386
Implications 387
The Last Word . . . 388
Notes 388
About the Author 391
Index 393
Acknowledgments xix
Section I Foundations 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Cognition 4
Innovation 6
The Macro Picture 8
Earthquakes Every Year 11
Themes 18
We’ve Seen This Movie Before 21
Notes 23
Chapter 2 Demographics 25
Is There a “Net Generation”? 26
Digital Natives 28
Millennials at Work 29
Behavior and Expectations 30
Looking Ahead 30
Notes 33
Chapter 3 Behavioral Economics 35
Challenges to Economic Man 35
Behavioral Economics in a Networked Age 37
Looking Ahead 40
Notes 41
Chapter 4 Information Economics 43
Information Goods 44
Pricing Information: Versioning and Bundling 46
Network Effects 48
Lock-in 49
Looking Ahead 50
Notes 55
Chapter 5 Platforms 57
Strategic Levers 60
Looking Ahead 63
Notes 63
Chapter 6 Power Laws and Their Implications 65
A Bit of History 65
Long-Tail Successes 67
Cautionary Tales 67
Facts of Life 68
Implications 69
Looking Ahead 70
Notes 71
Chapter 7 Security and Risk 73
Landscape 73
Information Space Is Neither Average nor Normal 75
People Systematically Misestimate Risk 76
Doing It Right 77
Looking Ahead 81
Notes 81
Section II Work and Organization 83
Chapter 8 A Brief History of Organizational Innovation 85
1776: Division of Labor 85
1860–1890: Railroads and the Rise of Administration 86
1910: Scientific Management and the Further Division of Labor 87
1930s: Alfred Sloan at General Motors 88
1937–1981: Transaction Costs 88
1980s: Economies of Scope and Core Competencies 89
1995: Linux as “Commons-Based Peer Production” 90
2000: Offshore 91
Looking Ahead 91
Notes 92
Chapter 9 Firms, Ecosystems, and Collaboratives 93
Emerging Nonfirm Models 93
Distributed Capital 98
Looking Ahead 100
Notes 101
Chapter 10 Government 103
The Biggest Employer 104
Government Hiring at a Crossroads 107
Inevitable Downsizing 108
Government on the Technology Landscape 110
Looking Ahead 112
Notes 113
Chapter 11 Crowds 115
Crowdsourcing: Group Effort 115
Information Markets and Other Crowd Wisdom 119
Varieties of Market Experience 122
Looking Ahead 123
Notes 124
Chapter 12 Mobility 127
Bottom Up 127
Search Costs 130
Supply Chain Efficiency 130
Mobile Phone Industry Impact 131
Risk Mitigation 132
Apps for Change 133
Looking Ahead 136
Notes 137
Chapter 13 Work 139
The Big Picture: Macro Trends 139
Where 141
Outputs 143
Skills 144
Work 146
Looking Ahead 149
Notes 150
Chapter 14 Productivity 153
Classic Productivity Definitions 154
Services Productivity 155
Services Productivity and Information Technology 156
Information Technology and Unemployment 158
Looking Ahead 159
Notes 160
Section III Business Model Disruption 161
Chapter 15 Business Model Overview 163
Definition 164
Changing Minds, Changing Models 165
Disruptive Innovation 166
Disruptive Innovation as Paradigm Shift 168
Looking Ahead 168
Notes 169
Chapter 16 Data and Communications 171
Evolution of the Incumbent Business Model, 1877–1996 171
Business Model Disruption, 1996–2010 174
Implications of “Stupid” Networks 177
Looking Ahead 178
Notes 178
Chapter 17 Software Business Models 179
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 179
Business Model Disruption after 1998 181
Looking Ahead 187
Notes 188
Chapter 18 Music Business Models 189
Incumbent Model Pre-2000 189
Business Model Disruption Pre-Napster 192
Business Model Disruption Post-Napster 194
Looking Ahead 197
Notes 198
Chapter 19 News 199
Incumbent Formula Pre-2005 199
Business Model Disruption 203
Looking Ahead 205
Notes 207
Chapter 20 Healthcare 209
Definitions 210
Healthcare as Car Repair for People? 211
Following the Money 212
Where Information Technology Can and Cannot Help 214
Disruptive Innovation 216
Looking Ahead 219
Notes 220
Chapter 21 Two Disruptions that Weren’t 221
Retail 221
Real Estate 227
Notes 229
Section IV Technology Landscapes 231
Chapter 22 Code 233
Intangibility 234
Fungibility 235
Code Embeds Value Judgments 236
Metadata 237
Social Metadata 238
Looking Ahead 240
Notes 241
Chapter 23 Sensors 243
Historical Roots 243
Ubiquity 244
Current Examples 246
Phones as Sensors 249
Looking Ahead 250
Notes 251
Chapter 24 The Internet and Other Networks 253
Legacy Telecom Network Principles 254
Defense Origins of the Internet 255
Internet Principles 257
Consequences of Internet Principles 259
Looking Ahead 260
Notes 260
Chapter 25 Location Awareness 263
Variations on a Theme 265
Landmarks 266
Location, Mobility, and Identity 268
Looking Ahead 270
Notes 270
Chapter 26 Clouds 271
Both Technical and Economic Innovation 272
Cloud Computing and the Enterprise 273
The Cloud Will Change How
Resources Are Organized 275
Practical Considerations 276
Looking Ahead 278
Notes 278
Chapter 27 Wireless 281
Precedents 281
The Breakthrough 286
Looking Ahead 289
Notes 290
Chapter 28 Search 291
Why Search Matters: Context 291
The Wide Reach of Search 294
Valuing Search 296
Looking Ahead 297
Notes 301
Chapter 29 Analytics 303
Why Now? 304
Practical Considerations: Why Analytics Is Still Hard 308
Looking Ahead 309
Notes 310
Chapter 30 Information Visualization 311
Supply 311
Demand 311
Audience 312
Definition and Purpose 312
Current State 313
Looking Ahead 316
Notes 317
Section V Some Big Questions 319
Chapter 31 Identity and Privacy 321
Privacy 322
Scale 323
Invisibility 325
Identity 326
Looking Ahead 327
Notes 329
Chapter 32 Communications and Relationships 331
Connections 331
Networks 336
Creation 340
Looking Ahead 341
Notes 342
Chapter 33 Place, Space, and Time 343
Virtuality 345
Organizations 346
Automata 347
Implications 348
Looking Ahead 349
Notes 350
Chapter 34 Conflict 351
Warfare between Nation-States 351
Non-Nation-State Actors 353
Emerging Offensive Weapons 357
Looking Ahead 358
Notes 359
Chapter 35 Innovation 361
Amazon 361
Crowds 367
Looking Ahead 369
Notes 370
Chapter 36 Information, Technology, and Innovation 371
Macro Issues 371
Globalization 372
Strategy 373
Organizations 380
Marketing 381
Supply Chains 385
The IT Shop 386
Implications 387
The Last Word . . . 388
Notes 388
About the Author 391
Index 393