Kathryn A. Bard
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (eBook, PDF)
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Kathryn A. Bard
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (eBook, PDF)
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This student-friendly introduction to the archaeology of ancient Egypt guides readers from the Paleolithic to the Greco-Roman periods, and has now been updated to include recent discoveries and new illustrations. * Superbly illustrated with photographs, maps, and site plans, with additional illustrations in this new edition * Organized into 11 chapters, covering: the history of Egyptology and Egyptian archaeology; prehistoric and pharaonic chronology and the ancient Egyptian language; geography, resources, and environment; and seven chapters organized chronologically and devoted to specific…mehr
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This student-friendly introduction to the archaeology of ancient Egypt guides readers from the Paleolithic to the Greco-Roman periods, and has now been updated to include recent discoveries and new illustrations. * Superbly illustrated with photographs, maps, and site plans, with additional illustrations in this new edition * Organized into 11 chapters, covering: the history of Egyptology and Egyptian archaeology; prehistoric and pharaonic chronology and the ancient Egyptian language; geography, resources, and environment; and seven chapters organized chronologically and devoted to specific archaeological sites and evidence * Includes sections on salient topics such as the constructing the Great Pyramid at Giza and the process of mummification
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 480
- Erscheinungstermin: 7. Januar 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118896037
- Artikelnr.: 42292493
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 480
- Erscheinungstermin: 7. Januar 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118896037
- Artikelnr.: 42292493
Kathryn A. Bard is Professor of Archaeology at Boston University. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, she has directed excavations in Egypt and northern Ethiopia since 1989, and in 1998 was given the Chairman's Award of the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration. She is the author of From Farmers to Pharaohs: Mortuary Evidence for the Rise of Complex Society in Egypt (1994), the editor of The Archaeology of Ancient Egypt: An Encyclopedia (1999), and is on the editorial board of The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology published by the Egypt Exploration Society. Professor Bard is co-director of excavations at the pharaonic harbor at Mersa-Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea, which has uncovered evidence of ancient Egyptian ships used in seafaring expeditions to the land of Punt, probably located in what is now eastern Sudan and Eritrea.
List of Plates ix List of Figures xi List of Maps xv Abbreviations xvii
Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Egyptian Archaeology: Definitions and
History 1 1.1 Introduction: Ancient Egyptian Civilization and Its
Prehistoric Predecessors 3 1.2 Egyptian Archaeology 3 1.3 Egyptology 5 1.4
History of Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology 5 1.5 Archaeological Methods
14 1.6 Archaeological Theory 21 1.7 Ancient Egypt and Egyptian
Archaeologists in Fiction and Films 22 2 Hieroglyphs, Language, and
Pharaonic Chronology 25 2.1 Language of the Ancient Egyptians 27 2.2
Origins and Development of Egyptian Writing 27 2.3 Scripts and Media of
Writing 31 2.4 Signs, Structure, and Grammar 31 2.5 Literacy in Ancient
Egypt 33 2.6 Textual Studies 34 2.7 Use of Texts in Egyptian Archaeology 36
2.8 Historical Outline of Pharaonic Egypt 38 2.9 The Egyptian Civil
Calendar, King Lists, and Calculation of Pharaonic Chronology 39 3 The
Environmental Background to Pharaonic Civilization: Geography, Environment,
Agriculture, and Natural Resources 47 3.1 Geography: Terms and Place Names
49 3.2 Environmental Setting 53 3.3 Environmental and Other Problems for
Archaeology in Egypt 56 3.4 The Seasons and the Agricultural System 58 3.5
The Ancient Egyptian Diet 60 3.6 Other Useful Animals and Plants 62 3.7
Building Materials 63 3.8 Other Resources: Clays, Stones, Minerals 64 3.9
Imported Materials 66 4 Egyptian Prehistory: The Paleolithic and Neolithic
69 Paleolithic 71 4.1 Paleolithic Cultures in Egypt 71 4.2 Lower
Paleolithic 73 4.3 Middle Paleolithic 74 4.4 Upper Paleolithic 79 4.5 Late
Paleolithic 80 4.6 Epipaleolithic (Final Paleolithic) 82 Neolithic 84 4.7
Saharan Neolithic 84 4.8 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Faiyum A and Lower
Egypt 87 4.9 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Middle and Upper Egypt 90 5 The
Rise of Complex Society and Early Civilization 93 Predynastic Egypt 95 5.1
The Predynastic Period: Egypt in the Fourth Millennium bc 95 5.2 Lower
Egypt: Predynastic Culture 95 5.3 Upper Egypt: Naqada Culture 99 5.4 Lower
Nubia: A-Group Culture 110 5.5 State Formation and Unification 112 The
Early Dynastic State 117 5.6 Organization and Institutions of the Early
Dynastic State 117 5.7 Early Writing and Formal Art 129 5.8 The Expanding
State 130 5.9 Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Physical Anthropology 131 6
The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period 133 6.1 The Old Kingdom:
Overview 135 The Early Old Kingdom 140 6.2 The 3rd Dynasty: Djoser's Step
Pyramid at Saqqara 140 6.3 The 4th Dynasty's First King, Sneferu, and His
Three Pyramids 145 6.4 Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza 147 6.5 The Great
Sphinx and Khafra's Pyramid Complex 153 6.6 Menkaura's Giza Pyramid and Its
Remarkable Valley Temple Finds 155 6.7 Giza Pyramid Towns 156 6.8 Giza
Mastabas, Queen Hetepheres's Hidden "Tomb," and the Workmen's Cemetery 160
The Later Old Kingdom 166 6.9 Sun Temples of the 5th Dynasty 166 6.10 Later
Old Kingdom Pyramids and the Pyramid Texts 168 6.11 An Expanding
Bureaucracy: Private Tombs in the 5th and 6th Dynasties 170 6.12 Egypt
Abroad 174 The First Intermediate Period 176 6.13 The End of the Old
Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period: Causes of State Collapse 176 7
The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period 181 The Middle Kingdom
183 7.1 The Middle Kingdom: Overview 183 7.2 Pre-Unification 11th Dynasty:
Saff Tombs at Thebes 190 7.3 Mentuhotep II's Complex at Deir el-Bahri 190
7.4 Model Workers and the Deir el-Bahri Tomb of Meketra 192 7.5
12th-Dynasty Temples 194 7.6 12th- and 13th-Dynasty Pyramids 198 7.7 Towns
and Domestic Architecture: Kahun and South Abydos 202 7.8 Nomarchs in
Middle Egypt: The Beni Hasan Tombs 206 7.9 Mining in the Sinai and a Galena
Mine in the Eastern Desert 207 7.10 Egyptian Forts in Nubia and Indigenous
Peoples There 208 The Second Intermediate Period 211 7.11 The Second
Intermediate Period: The Hyksos Kingdom in the North 211 7.12 The Kerma
Kingdom in Upper Nubia 217 7.13 The Theban State during the Second
Intermediate Period 223 8 The New Kingdom 225 8.1 The New Kingdom: Overview
227 The Early New Kingdom 234 8.2 Early New Kingdom Architecture: Ahmose's
Abydos Pyramid Complex, the Thutmosid Palace and Harbor at Tell el-Daba,
and the Theban Mortuary Temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III 234 8.3
Amenhotep III's Malkata Palace 238 8.4 Tell el-Amarna and the Amarna Period
240 8.5 The Amarna Aftermath and Tutankhamen's Tomb 247 New Kingdom Temples
254 8.6 Restoration of the Traditional Gods: Sety I's Abydos Temple 254 8.7
The Temples of Karnak and Luxor in the New Kingdom 255 8.8 Ramessid
Mortuary Temples 260 Royal and Elite Tombs 264 8.9 Royal Tombs in the
Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens 264 8.10 Elite Tombs at Thebes
and Saqqara 270 State Towns and Settlements 275 8.11 The Workmen's Village
and Tombs at Deir el-Medina 275 8.12 Nubian Temple Towns 281 9 The Third
Intermediate Period and Late Period 285 9.1 The Third Intermediate Period:
Overview 287 9.2 The Late Period: Overview 291 9.3 Tanis: A New City with
Royal Tombs 294 9.4 Napata/Gebel Barkal and Sanam 296 9.5 el-Kurru and
Nuri: The Kushite Royal Tombs 299 9.6 Saqqara: The Serapeum and Animal
Cults 302 9.7 Some High-Status Tombs of the Third Intermediate Period and
Late Period 306 9.8 Tell el-Maskhuta and Tell el-Herr 308 10 The
Greco-Roman Period 311 Greco-Roman Egypt 313 10.1 The Ptolemaic Period:
Overview 313 10.2 The Roman Period: Overview 317 10.3 Alexandria 321 10.4
Greco-Roman Settlements in the Faiyum 323 10.5 Two Greco-Roman Temple
Complexes in Upper Egypt: Dendera and Philae 325 Sites Outside the Nile
Valley 328 10.6 The Western Desert: Bahariya and Dakhla Oases 328 10.7 The
Eastern Desert: Roman Ports, Forts, Roads, and Quarrying Sites 332 Nubia
336 10.8 Qasr Ibrim 336 10.9 Meroe: The Kushite Capital and Royal
Cemeteries 338 11 The Study of Ancient Egypt 345 Glossary of Terms 351
Suggested Readings 355 Appendix 1: Additional Readings in French, German,
and Italian 399 Appendix 2: Websites 409 Chapter Summaries and Discussion
Questions 411 Index 427
Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Egyptian Archaeology: Definitions and
History 1 1.1 Introduction: Ancient Egyptian Civilization and Its
Prehistoric Predecessors 3 1.2 Egyptian Archaeology 3 1.3 Egyptology 5 1.4
History of Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology 5 1.5 Archaeological Methods
14 1.6 Archaeological Theory 21 1.7 Ancient Egypt and Egyptian
Archaeologists in Fiction and Films 22 2 Hieroglyphs, Language, and
Pharaonic Chronology 25 2.1 Language of the Ancient Egyptians 27 2.2
Origins and Development of Egyptian Writing 27 2.3 Scripts and Media of
Writing 31 2.4 Signs, Structure, and Grammar 31 2.5 Literacy in Ancient
Egypt 33 2.6 Textual Studies 34 2.7 Use of Texts in Egyptian Archaeology 36
2.8 Historical Outline of Pharaonic Egypt 38 2.9 The Egyptian Civil
Calendar, King Lists, and Calculation of Pharaonic Chronology 39 3 The
Environmental Background to Pharaonic Civilization: Geography, Environment,
Agriculture, and Natural Resources 47 3.1 Geography: Terms and Place Names
49 3.2 Environmental Setting 53 3.3 Environmental and Other Problems for
Archaeology in Egypt 56 3.4 The Seasons and the Agricultural System 58 3.5
The Ancient Egyptian Diet 60 3.6 Other Useful Animals and Plants 62 3.7
Building Materials 63 3.8 Other Resources: Clays, Stones, Minerals 64 3.9
Imported Materials 66 4 Egyptian Prehistory: The Paleolithic and Neolithic
69 Paleolithic 71 4.1 Paleolithic Cultures in Egypt 71 4.2 Lower
Paleolithic 73 4.3 Middle Paleolithic 74 4.4 Upper Paleolithic 79 4.5 Late
Paleolithic 80 4.6 Epipaleolithic (Final Paleolithic) 82 Neolithic 84 4.7
Saharan Neolithic 84 4.8 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Faiyum A and Lower
Egypt 87 4.9 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Middle and Upper Egypt 90 5 The
Rise of Complex Society and Early Civilization 93 Predynastic Egypt 95 5.1
The Predynastic Period: Egypt in the Fourth Millennium bc 95 5.2 Lower
Egypt: Predynastic Culture 95 5.3 Upper Egypt: Naqada Culture 99 5.4 Lower
Nubia: A-Group Culture 110 5.5 State Formation and Unification 112 The
Early Dynastic State 117 5.6 Organization and Institutions of the Early
Dynastic State 117 5.7 Early Writing and Formal Art 129 5.8 The Expanding
State 130 5.9 Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Physical Anthropology 131 6
The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period 133 6.1 The Old Kingdom:
Overview 135 The Early Old Kingdom 140 6.2 The 3rd Dynasty: Djoser's Step
Pyramid at Saqqara 140 6.3 The 4th Dynasty's First King, Sneferu, and His
Three Pyramids 145 6.4 Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza 147 6.5 The Great
Sphinx and Khafra's Pyramid Complex 153 6.6 Menkaura's Giza Pyramid and Its
Remarkable Valley Temple Finds 155 6.7 Giza Pyramid Towns 156 6.8 Giza
Mastabas, Queen Hetepheres's Hidden "Tomb," and the Workmen's Cemetery 160
The Later Old Kingdom 166 6.9 Sun Temples of the 5th Dynasty 166 6.10 Later
Old Kingdom Pyramids and the Pyramid Texts 168 6.11 An Expanding
Bureaucracy: Private Tombs in the 5th and 6th Dynasties 170 6.12 Egypt
Abroad 174 The First Intermediate Period 176 6.13 The End of the Old
Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period: Causes of State Collapse 176 7
The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period 181 The Middle Kingdom
183 7.1 The Middle Kingdom: Overview 183 7.2 Pre-Unification 11th Dynasty:
Saff Tombs at Thebes 190 7.3 Mentuhotep II's Complex at Deir el-Bahri 190
7.4 Model Workers and the Deir el-Bahri Tomb of Meketra 192 7.5
12th-Dynasty Temples 194 7.6 12th- and 13th-Dynasty Pyramids 198 7.7 Towns
and Domestic Architecture: Kahun and South Abydos 202 7.8 Nomarchs in
Middle Egypt: The Beni Hasan Tombs 206 7.9 Mining in the Sinai and a Galena
Mine in the Eastern Desert 207 7.10 Egyptian Forts in Nubia and Indigenous
Peoples There 208 The Second Intermediate Period 211 7.11 The Second
Intermediate Period: The Hyksos Kingdom in the North 211 7.12 The Kerma
Kingdom in Upper Nubia 217 7.13 The Theban State during the Second
Intermediate Period 223 8 The New Kingdom 225 8.1 The New Kingdom: Overview
227 The Early New Kingdom 234 8.2 Early New Kingdom Architecture: Ahmose's
Abydos Pyramid Complex, the Thutmosid Palace and Harbor at Tell el-Daba,
and the Theban Mortuary Temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III 234 8.3
Amenhotep III's Malkata Palace 238 8.4 Tell el-Amarna and the Amarna Period
240 8.5 The Amarna Aftermath and Tutankhamen's Tomb 247 New Kingdom Temples
254 8.6 Restoration of the Traditional Gods: Sety I's Abydos Temple 254 8.7
The Temples of Karnak and Luxor in the New Kingdom 255 8.8 Ramessid
Mortuary Temples 260 Royal and Elite Tombs 264 8.9 Royal Tombs in the
Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens 264 8.10 Elite Tombs at Thebes
and Saqqara 270 State Towns and Settlements 275 8.11 The Workmen's Village
and Tombs at Deir el-Medina 275 8.12 Nubian Temple Towns 281 9 The Third
Intermediate Period and Late Period 285 9.1 The Third Intermediate Period:
Overview 287 9.2 The Late Period: Overview 291 9.3 Tanis: A New City with
Royal Tombs 294 9.4 Napata/Gebel Barkal and Sanam 296 9.5 el-Kurru and
Nuri: The Kushite Royal Tombs 299 9.6 Saqqara: The Serapeum and Animal
Cults 302 9.7 Some High-Status Tombs of the Third Intermediate Period and
Late Period 306 9.8 Tell el-Maskhuta and Tell el-Herr 308 10 The
Greco-Roman Period 311 Greco-Roman Egypt 313 10.1 The Ptolemaic Period:
Overview 313 10.2 The Roman Period: Overview 317 10.3 Alexandria 321 10.4
Greco-Roman Settlements in the Faiyum 323 10.5 Two Greco-Roman Temple
Complexes in Upper Egypt: Dendera and Philae 325 Sites Outside the Nile
Valley 328 10.6 The Western Desert: Bahariya and Dakhla Oases 328 10.7 The
Eastern Desert: Roman Ports, Forts, Roads, and Quarrying Sites 332 Nubia
336 10.8 Qasr Ibrim 336 10.9 Meroe: The Kushite Capital and Royal
Cemeteries 338 11 The Study of Ancient Egypt 345 Glossary of Terms 351
Suggested Readings 355 Appendix 1: Additional Readings in French, German,
and Italian 399 Appendix 2: Websites 409 Chapter Summaries and Discussion
Questions 411 Index 427
List of Plates ix List of Figures xi List of Maps xv Abbreviations xvii
Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Egyptian Archaeology: Definitions and
History 1 1.1 Introduction: Ancient Egyptian Civilization and Its
Prehistoric Predecessors 3 1.2 Egyptian Archaeology 3 1.3 Egyptology 5 1.4
History of Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology 5 1.5 Archaeological Methods
14 1.6 Archaeological Theory 21 1.7 Ancient Egypt and Egyptian
Archaeologists in Fiction and Films 22 2 Hieroglyphs, Language, and
Pharaonic Chronology 25 2.1 Language of the Ancient Egyptians 27 2.2
Origins and Development of Egyptian Writing 27 2.3 Scripts and Media of
Writing 31 2.4 Signs, Structure, and Grammar 31 2.5 Literacy in Ancient
Egypt 33 2.6 Textual Studies 34 2.7 Use of Texts in Egyptian Archaeology 36
2.8 Historical Outline of Pharaonic Egypt 38 2.9 The Egyptian Civil
Calendar, King Lists, and Calculation of Pharaonic Chronology 39 3 The
Environmental Background to Pharaonic Civilization: Geography, Environment,
Agriculture, and Natural Resources 47 3.1 Geography: Terms and Place Names
49 3.2 Environmental Setting 53 3.3 Environmental and Other Problems for
Archaeology in Egypt 56 3.4 The Seasons and the Agricultural System 58 3.5
The Ancient Egyptian Diet 60 3.6 Other Useful Animals and Plants 62 3.7
Building Materials 63 3.8 Other Resources: Clays, Stones, Minerals 64 3.9
Imported Materials 66 4 Egyptian Prehistory: The Paleolithic and Neolithic
69 Paleolithic 71 4.1 Paleolithic Cultures in Egypt 71 4.2 Lower
Paleolithic 73 4.3 Middle Paleolithic 74 4.4 Upper Paleolithic 79 4.5 Late
Paleolithic 80 4.6 Epipaleolithic (Final Paleolithic) 82 Neolithic 84 4.7
Saharan Neolithic 84 4.8 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Faiyum A and Lower
Egypt 87 4.9 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Middle and Upper Egypt 90 5 The
Rise of Complex Society and Early Civilization 93 Predynastic Egypt 95 5.1
The Predynastic Period: Egypt in the Fourth Millennium bc 95 5.2 Lower
Egypt: Predynastic Culture 95 5.3 Upper Egypt: Naqada Culture 99 5.4 Lower
Nubia: A-Group Culture 110 5.5 State Formation and Unification 112 The
Early Dynastic State 117 5.6 Organization and Institutions of the Early
Dynastic State 117 5.7 Early Writing and Formal Art 129 5.8 The Expanding
State 130 5.9 Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Physical Anthropology 131 6
The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period 133 6.1 The Old Kingdom:
Overview 135 The Early Old Kingdom 140 6.2 The 3rd Dynasty: Djoser's Step
Pyramid at Saqqara 140 6.3 The 4th Dynasty's First King, Sneferu, and His
Three Pyramids 145 6.4 Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza 147 6.5 The Great
Sphinx and Khafra's Pyramid Complex 153 6.6 Menkaura's Giza Pyramid and Its
Remarkable Valley Temple Finds 155 6.7 Giza Pyramid Towns 156 6.8 Giza
Mastabas, Queen Hetepheres's Hidden "Tomb," and the Workmen's Cemetery 160
The Later Old Kingdom 166 6.9 Sun Temples of the 5th Dynasty 166 6.10 Later
Old Kingdom Pyramids and the Pyramid Texts 168 6.11 An Expanding
Bureaucracy: Private Tombs in the 5th and 6th Dynasties 170 6.12 Egypt
Abroad 174 The First Intermediate Period 176 6.13 The End of the Old
Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period: Causes of State Collapse 176 7
The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period 181 The Middle Kingdom
183 7.1 The Middle Kingdom: Overview 183 7.2 Pre-Unification 11th Dynasty:
Saff Tombs at Thebes 190 7.3 Mentuhotep II's Complex at Deir el-Bahri 190
7.4 Model Workers and the Deir el-Bahri Tomb of Meketra 192 7.5
12th-Dynasty Temples 194 7.6 12th- and 13th-Dynasty Pyramids 198 7.7 Towns
and Domestic Architecture: Kahun and South Abydos 202 7.8 Nomarchs in
Middle Egypt: The Beni Hasan Tombs 206 7.9 Mining in the Sinai and a Galena
Mine in the Eastern Desert 207 7.10 Egyptian Forts in Nubia and Indigenous
Peoples There 208 The Second Intermediate Period 211 7.11 The Second
Intermediate Period: The Hyksos Kingdom in the North 211 7.12 The Kerma
Kingdom in Upper Nubia 217 7.13 The Theban State during the Second
Intermediate Period 223 8 The New Kingdom 225 8.1 The New Kingdom: Overview
227 The Early New Kingdom 234 8.2 Early New Kingdom Architecture: Ahmose's
Abydos Pyramid Complex, the Thutmosid Palace and Harbor at Tell el-Daba,
and the Theban Mortuary Temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III 234 8.3
Amenhotep III's Malkata Palace 238 8.4 Tell el-Amarna and the Amarna Period
240 8.5 The Amarna Aftermath and Tutankhamen's Tomb 247 New Kingdom Temples
254 8.6 Restoration of the Traditional Gods: Sety I's Abydos Temple 254 8.7
The Temples of Karnak and Luxor in the New Kingdom 255 8.8 Ramessid
Mortuary Temples 260 Royal and Elite Tombs 264 8.9 Royal Tombs in the
Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens 264 8.10 Elite Tombs at Thebes
and Saqqara 270 State Towns and Settlements 275 8.11 The Workmen's Village
and Tombs at Deir el-Medina 275 8.12 Nubian Temple Towns 281 9 The Third
Intermediate Period and Late Period 285 9.1 The Third Intermediate Period:
Overview 287 9.2 The Late Period: Overview 291 9.3 Tanis: A New City with
Royal Tombs 294 9.4 Napata/Gebel Barkal and Sanam 296 9.5 el-Kurru and
Nuri: The Kushite Royal Tombs 299 9.6 Saqqara: The Serapeum and Animal
Cults 302 9.7 Some High-Status Tombs of the Third Intermediate Period and
Late Period 306 9.8 Tell el-Maskhuta and Tell el-Herr 308 10 The
Greco-Roman Period 311 Greco-Roman Egypt 313 10.1 The Ptolemaic Period:
Overview 313 10.2 The Roman Period: Overview 317 10.3 Alexandria 321 10.4
Greco-Roman Settlements in the Faiyum 323 10.5 Two Greco-Roman Temple
Complexes in Upper Egypt: Dendera and Philae 325 Sites Outside the Nile
Valley 328 10.6 The Western Desert: Bahariya and Dakhla Oases 328 10.7 The
Eastern Desert: Roman Ports, Forts, Roads, and Quarrying Sites 332 Nubia
336 10.8 Qasr Ibrim 336 10.9 Meroe: The Kushite Capital and Royal
Cemeteries 338 11 The Study of Ancient Egypt 345 Glossary of Terms 351
Suggested Readings 355 Appendix 1: Additional Readings in French, German,
and Italian 399 Appendix 2: Websites 409 Chapter Summaries and Discussion
Questions 411 Index 427
Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Egyptian Archaeology: Definitions and
History 1 1.1 Introduction: Ancient Egyptian Civilization and Its
Prehistoric Predecessors 3 1.2 Egyptian Archaeology 3 1.3 Egyptology 5 1.4
History of Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology 5 1.5 Archaeological Methods
14 1.6 Archaeological Theory 21 1.7 Ancient Egypt and Egyptian
Archaeologists in Fiction and Films 22 2 Hieroglyphs, Language, and
Pharaonic Chronology 25 2.1 Language of the Ancient Egyptians 27 2.2
Origins and Development of Egyptian Writing 27 2.3 Scripts and Media of
Writing 31 2.4 Signs, Structure, and Grammar 31 2.5 Literacy in Ancient
Egypt 33 2.6 Textual Studies 34 2.7 Use of Texts in Egyptian Archaeology 36
2.8 Historical Outline of Pharaonic Egypt 38 2.9 The Egyptian Civil
Calendar, King Lists, and Calculation of Pharaonic Chronology 39 3 The
Environmental Background to Pharaonic Civilization: Geography, Environment,
Agriculture, and Natural Resources 47 3.1 Geography: Terms and Place Names
49 3.2 Environmental Setting 53 3.3 Environmental and Other Problems for
Archaeology in Egypt 56 3.4 The Seasons and the Agricultural System 58 3.5
The Ancient Egyptian Diet 60 3.6 Other Useful Animals and Plants 62 3.7
Building Materials 63 3.8 Other Resources: Clays, Stones, Minerals 64 3.9
Imported Materials 66 4 Egyptian Prehistory: The Paleolithic and Neolithic
69 Paleolithic 71 4.1 Paleolithic Cultures in Egypt 71 4.2 Lower
Paleolithic 73 4.3 Middle Paleolithic 74 4.4 Upper Paleolithic 79 4.5 Late
Paleolithic 80 4.6 Epipaleolithic (Final Paleolithic) 82 Neolithic 84 4.7
Saharan Neolithic 84 4.8 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Faiyum A and Lower
Egypt 87 4.9 Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Middle and Upper Egypt 90 5 The
Rise of Complex Society and Early Civilization 93 Predynastic Egypt 95 5.1
The Predynastic Period: Egypt in the Fourth Millennium bc 95 5.2 Lower
Egypt: Predynastic Culture 95 5.3 Upper Egypt: Naqada Culture 99 5.4 Lower
Nubia: A-Group Culture 110 5.5 State Formation and Unification 112 The
Early Dynastic State 117 5.6 Organization and Institutions of the Early
Dynastic State 117 5.7 Early Writing and Formal Art 129 5.8 The Expanding
State 130 5.9 Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Physical Anthropology 131 6
The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period 133 6.1 The Old Kingdom:
Overview 135 The Early Old Kingdom 140 6.2 The 3rd Dynasty: Djoser's Step
Pyramid at Saqqara 140 6.3 The 4th Dynasty's First King, Sneferu, and His
Three Pyramids 145 6.4 Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza 147 6.5 The Great
Sphinx and Khafra's Pyramid Complex 153 6.6 Menkaura's Giza Pyramid and Its
Remarkable Valley Temple Finds 155 6.7 Giza Pyramid Towns 156 6.8 Giza
Mastabas, Queen Hetepheres's Hidden "Tomb," and the Workmen's Cemetery 160
The Later Old Kingdom 166 6.9 Sun Temples of the 5th Dynasty 166 6.10 Later
Old Kingdom Pyramids and the Pyramid Texts 168 6.11 An Expanding
Bureaucracy: Private Tombs in the 5th and 6th Dynasties 170 6.12 Egypt
Abroad 174 The First Intermediate Period 176 6.13 The End of the Old
Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period: Causes of State Collapse 176 7
The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period 181 The Middle Kingdom
183 7.1 The Middle Kingdom: Overview 183 7.2 Pre-Unification 11th Dynasty:
Saff Tombs at Thebes 190 7.3 Mentuhotep II's Complex at Deir el-Bahri 190
7.4 Model Workers and the Deir el-Bahri Tomb of Meketra 192 7.5
12th-Dynasty Temples 194 7.6 12th- and 13th-Dynasty Pyramids 198 7.7 Towns
and Domestic Architecture: Kahun and South Abydos 202 7.8 Nomarchs in
Middle Egypt: The Beni Hasan Tombs 206 7.9 Mining in the Sinai and a Galena
Mine in the Eastern Desert 207 7.10 Egyptian Forts in Nubia and Indigenous
Peoples There 208 The Second Intermediate Period 211 7.11 The Second
Intermediate Period: The Hyksos Kingdom in the North 211 7.12 The Kerma
Kingdom in Upper Nubia 217 7.13 The Theban State during the Second
Intermediate Period 223 8 The New Kingdom 225 8.1 The New Kingdom: Overview
227 The Early New Kingdom 234 8.2 Early New Kingdom Architecture: Ahmose's
Abydos Pyramid Complex, the Thutmosid Palace and Harbor at Tell el-Daba,
and the Theban Mortuary Temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III 234 8.3
Amenhotep III's Malkata Palace 238 8.4 Tell el-Amarna and the Amarna Period
240 8.5 The Amarna Aftermath and Tutankhamen's Tomb 247 New Kingdom Temples
254 8.6 Restoration of the Traditional Gods: Sety I's Abydos Temple 254 8.7
The Temples of Karnak and Luxor in the New Kingdom 255 8.8 Ramessid
Mortuary Temples 260 Royal and Elite Tombs 264 8.9 Royal Tombs in the
Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens 264 8.10 Elite Tombs at Thebes
and Saqqara 270 State Towns and Settlements 275 8.11 The Workmen's Village
and Tombs at Deir el-Medina 275 8.12 Nubian Temple Towns 281 9 The Third
Intermediate Period and Late Period 285 9.1 The Third Intermediate Period:
Overview 287 9.2 The Late Period: Overview 291 9.3 Tanis: A New City with
Royal Tombs 294 9.4 Napata/Gebel Barkal and Sanam 296 9.5 el-Kurru and
Nuri: The Kushite Royal Tombs 299 9.6 Saqqara: The Serapeum and Animal
Cults 302 9.7 Some High-Status Tombs of the Third Intermediate Period and
Late Period 306 9.8 Tell el-Maskhuta and Tell el-Herr 308 10 The
Greco-Roman Period 311 Greco-Roman Egypt 313 10.1 The Ptolemaic Period:
Overview 313 10.2 The Roman Period: Overview 317 10.3 Alexandria 321 10.4
Greco-Roman Settlements in the Faiyum 323 10.5 Two Greco-Roman Temple
Complexes in Upper Egypt: Dendera and Philae 325 Sites Outside the Nile
Valley 328 10.6 The Western Desert: Bahariya and Dakhla Oases 328 10.7 The
Eastern Desert: Roman Ports, Forts, Roads, and Quarrying Sites 332 Nubia
336 10.8 Qasr Ibrim 336 10.9 Meroe: The Kushite Capital and Royal
Cemeteries 338 11 The Study of Ancient Egypt 345 Glossary of Terms 351
Suggested Readings 355 Appendix 1: Additional Readings in French, German,
and Italian 399 Appendix 2: Websites 409 Chapter Summaries and Discussion
Questions 411 Index 427