Guillaume de la Roche, Andrés Alayón-Glazunov, Ben Allen
Lte-Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks
Channel Modelling and Propagation
Guillaume de la Roche, Andrés Alayón-Glazunov, Ben Allen
Lte-Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks
Channel Modelling and Propagation
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LTE- A and Next Generation Wireless Networks: Channel Modeling and Performance describes recent advances in propagation and channel modeling necessary for simulating next generation wireless systems. Due to the radio spectrum scarcity, two fundamental changes are anticipated compared to the current status. Firstly, the strict reservation of a specific band for a unique standard could evolve toward a priority policy allowing the co-existence of secondary users in a band allocated to a primary system. Secondly, a huge increase of the number of cells is expected by combining outdoor base stations…mehr
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LTE- A and Next Generation Wireless Networks: Channel Modeling and Performance describes recent advances in propagation and channel modeling necessary for simulating next generation wireless systems. Due to the radio spectrum scarcity, two fundamental changes are anticipated compared to the current status. Firstly, the strict reservation of a specific band for a unique standard could evolve toward a priority policy allowing the co-existence of secondary users in a band allocated to a primary system. Secondly, a huge increase of the number of cells is expected by combining outdoor base stations with smaller cells such as pico/femto cells and relays. This evolution is accompanied with the emergence of cognitive radio that becomes a reality in terminals together with the development of self-organization capabilities and distributed cooperative behaviors.
The book is divided into three parts:
Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modeling principles etc.)
Part II addresses propagation and modeling discussing topics such as indoor propagation, outdoor propagation, etc.
Part III explores system performance and applications (e.g. MIMO Over-the-air testing, electromagnetic safety, etc).
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
The book is divided into three parts:
Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modeling principles etc.)
Part II addresses propagation and modeling discussing topics such as indoor propagation, outdoor propagation, etc.
Part III explores system performance and applications (e.g. MIMO Over-the-air testing, electromagnetic safety, etc).
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119976700
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 566
- Erscheinungstermin: 28. November 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 252mm x 177mm x 30mm
- Gewicht: 925g
- ISBN-13: 9781119976707
- ISBN-10: 1119976707
- Artikelnr.: 36519618
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119976700
- 1. Auflage
- Seitenzahl: 566
- Erscheinungstermin: 28. November 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 252mm x 177mm x 30mm
- Gewicht: 925g
- ISBN-13: 9781119976707
- ISBN-10: 1119976707
- Artikelnr.: 36519618
Dr. Guillaume de la Roche, University of Bedfordshire, UK Guillaume de la Roche received the Dipl.-Ing. in telecommunication from the School of Chemistry Physics and Electronics (CPE) Lyon, France, an M.S. degree in signal processing (2003) and a Ph.D. degree in wireless communication (2007) from the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA), Lyon, France. Dr. Andres Alayon-Glazunov, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Andres Alayon-Glazunov obtained the M.Sc. (Engineer-Researcher) degree in Physical Engineering from Saint Petersburg's State Polytechnical University, Russia, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Lund University, Sweden, during 1988-1994 and 2006-2009, respectively. Prof. Ben Allen, University of Bedfordshire, UK Ben Allen received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2001. In 2002 he joined Tait Electronics Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand, before becoming a Research Fellow with the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King's College London.
About the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements
xxiii List of Acronyms xxv Part I BACKGROUND 1 Enabling Technologies for
3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3 Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge
Cabrejas 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and
Requirements 5 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11 1.4 Long
Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15 1.5 Summary 33 2
Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35 Andreas F. Molisch 2.1
Propagation Principles 35 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41 2.3
Stochastic Channel Description 46 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51 Part II
RADIO CHANNELS 3 Indoor Channels 67 Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu 3.1
Introduction 67 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69 3.3 Indoor Small Scale
Fading 83 4 Outdoor Channels 97 Petros Karadimas 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2
Reference Channel Model 98 4.3 Small Scale Variations 103 4.4 Path Loss and
Large Scale Variations 117 4.5 Summary 119 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123
Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2
Modelling Principles 124 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127 5.4
Deterministic Models 137 5.5 Hybrid Models 142 6 Vehicular Channels 153
Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik
Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch 6.1 Introduction
153 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154 6.3 Vehicular Channel
Characterization 160 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171
6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels
187 Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen 7.1
Introduction 187 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188 7.3 Multi-User
Channel Characterization 196 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200 8 Wideband
Channels 215 Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen 8.1 Large Scale Channel
Properties 216 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219 8.3 Frequency
Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239
8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247
Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2
Wearable Antennas 249 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251 9.4
A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259 9.5 Antenna
Implants-Possible Future Trends 263 9.6 Summary 265 Part III SIMULATION AND
PERFORMANCE 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271 Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner
10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation
272 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277 10.4 Ray-Tracing
Methods 280 11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293 Guillaume de la Roche 11.1
Introduction 293 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell's Equations 294 11.3
Practical Use of FD Methods 298 11.4 Results 303 11.5 Perspectives for
Finite Difference Models 308 11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314 12
Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317 Thomas Kurner and Yves
Lostanlen 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317 12.2 Categorization of
Propagation Models 322 12.3 Empirical Models 325 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models
for Macro Cells 326 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332 12.6
Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339 12.7 Coverage Probability 344 13
System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349 Jan
Ellenbeck 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350
13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357 13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366
13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371 13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced
System-Level Simulator Calibration 379 13.7 Summary and Outlook 385 14
Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389 Julian Webber 14.1
Introduction 389 14.2 Emulator Systems 390 14.3 Random Number Generation
391 14.4 Fading Generators 394 14.5 Channel Convolution 401 14.6 Emulator
Development 403 14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems
403 14.8 Summary 407 15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411 Andres Alayon
Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2
Channel Modelling Concepts 414 15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418 15.4
Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419 15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421
15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429 15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429
15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436 15.7 Future Trends 437 16 Cognitive Radio
Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443 Ghazanfar A. Safdar 16.1
Introduction 443 16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443 16.3 Spectrum
Sensing in CRNs 448 16.4 Spectrum Assignment-Medium Access Control in CRNs
452 16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461 16.6 Applications of CRNs
468 16.7 Summary 470 17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473 Tim Brown 17.1
Antenna Fundamentals 474 17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the
Propagation Channel 477 17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design
484 17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485 17.5 Multiple
Antennas with Multiple Bands 489 17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects
491 17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492 17.8 Summary 492 18 Statistical
Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495 Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak
and Luis M. Correia 18.1 Motivation 495 18.2 Scenarios 496 18.3 Concepts
498 18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500 18.5 Body Coupling: Full
Wave Simulations 508 18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513 18.7
Correlation Analysis for BANs 517 18.8 Summary 522 Acknowledgements 523
References 523 Index 525
xxiii List of Acronyms xxv Part I BACKGROUND 1 Enabling Technologies for
3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3 Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge
Cabrejas 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and
Requirements 5 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11 1.4 Long
Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15 1.5 Summary 33 2
Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35 Andreas F. Molisch 2.1
Propagation Principles 35 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41 2.3
Stochastic Channel Description 46 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51 Part II
RADIO CHANNELS 3 Indoor Channels 67 Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu 3.1
Introduction 67 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69 3.3 Indoor Small Scale
Fading 83 4 Outdoor Channels 97 Petros Karadimas 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2
Reference Channel Model 98 4.3 Small Scale Variations 103 4.4 Path Loss and
Large Scale Variations 117 4.5 Summary 119 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123
Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2
Modelling Principles 124 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127 5.4
Deterministic Models 137 5.5 Hybrid Models 142 6 Vehicular Channels 153
Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik
Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch 6.1 Introduction
153 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154 6.3 Vehicular Channel
Characterization 160 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171
6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels
187 Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen 7.1
Introduction 187 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188 7.3 Multi-User
Channel Characterization 196 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200 8 Wideband
Channels 215 Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen 8.1 Large Scale Channel
Properties 216 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219 8.3 Frequency
Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239
8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247
Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2
Wearable Antennas 249 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251 9.4
A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259 9.5 Antenna
Implants-Possible Future Trends 263 9.6 Summary 265 Part III SIMULATION AND
PERFORMANCE 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271 Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner
10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation
272 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277 10.4 Ray-Tracing
Methods 280 11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293 Guillaume de la Roche 11.1
Introduction 293 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell's Equations 294 11.3
Practical Use of FD Methods 298 11.4 Results 303 11.5 Perspectives for
Finite Difference Models 308 11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314 12
Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317 Thomas Kurner and Yves
Lostanlen 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317 12.2 Categorization of
Propagation Models 322 12.3 Empirical Models 325 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models
for Macro Cells 326 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332 12.6
Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339 12.7 Coverage Probability 344 13
System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349 Jan
Ellenbeck 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350
13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357 13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366
13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371 13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced
System-Level Simulator Calibration 379 13.7 Summary and Outlook 385 14
Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389 Julian Webber 14.1
Introduction 389 14.2 Emulator Systems 390 14.3 Random Number Generation
391 14.4 Fading Generators 394 14.5 Channel Convolution 401 14.6 Emulator
Development 403 14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems
403 14.8 Summary 407 15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411 Andres Alayon
Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2
Channel Modelling Concepts 414 15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418 15.4
Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419 15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421
15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429 15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429
15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436 15.7 Future Trends 437 16 Cognitive Radio
Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443 Ghazanfar A. Safdar 16.1
Introduction 443 16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443 16.3 Spectrum
Sensing in CRNs 448 16.4 Spectrum Assignment-Medium Access Control in CRNs
452 16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461 16.6 Applications of CRNs
468 16.7 Summary 470 17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473 Tim Brown 17.1
Antenna Fundamentals 474 17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the
Propagation Channel 477 17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design
484 17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485 17.5 Multiple
Antennas with Multiple Bands 489 17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects
491 17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492 17.8 Summary 492 18 Statistical
Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495 Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak
and Luis M. Correia 18.1 Motivation 495 18.2 Scenarios 496 18.3 Concepts
498 18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500 18.5 Body Coupling: Full
Wave Simulations 508 18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513 18.7
Correlation Analysis for BANs 517 18.8 Summary 522 Acknowledgements 523
References 523 Index 525
About the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements
xxiii List of Acronyms xxv Part I BACKGROUND 1 Enabling Technologies for
3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3 Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge
Cabrejas 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and
Requirements 5 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11 1.4 Long
Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15 1.5 Summary 33 2
Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35 Andreas F. Molisch 2.1
Propagation Principles 35 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41 2.3
Stochastic Channel Description 46 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51 Part II
RADIO CHANNELS 3 Indoor Channels 67 Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu 3.1
Introduction 67 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69 3.3 Indoor Small Scale
Fading 83 4 Outdoor Channels 97 Petros Karadimas 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2
Reference Channel Model 98 4.3 Small Scale Variations 103 4.4 Path Loss and
Large Scale Variations 117 4.5 Summary 119 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123
Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2
Modelling Principles 124 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127 5.4
Deterministic Models 137 5.5 Hybrid Models 142 6 Vehicular Channels 153
Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik
Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch 6.1 Introduction
153 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154 6.3 Vehicular Channel
Characterization 160 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171
6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels
187 Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen 7.1
Introduction 187 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188 7.3 Multi-User
Channel Characterization 196 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200 8 Wideband
Channels 215 Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen 8.1 Large Scale Channel
Properties 216 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219 8.3 Frequency
Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239
8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247
Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2
Wearable Antennas 249 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251 9.4
A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259 9.5 Antenna
Implants-Possible Future Trends 263 9.6 Summary 265 Part III SIMULATION AND
PERFORMANCE 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271 Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner
10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation
272 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277 10.4 Ray-Tracing
Methods 280 11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293 Guillaume de la Roche 11.1
Introduction 293 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell's Equations 294 11.3
Practical Use of FD Methods 298 11.4 Results 303 11.5 Perspectives for
Finite Difference Models 308 11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314 12
Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317 Thomas Kurner and Yves
Lostanlen 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317 12.2 Categorization of
Propagation Models 322 12.3 Empirical Models 325 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models
for Macro Cells 326 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332 12.6
Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339 12.7 Coverage Probability 344 13
System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349 Jan
Ellenbeck 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350
13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357 13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366
13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371 13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced
System-Level Simulator Calibration 379 13.7 Summary and Outlook 385 14
Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389 Julian Webber 14.1
Introduction 389 14.2 Emulator Systems 390 14.3 Random Number Generation
391 14.4 Fading Generators 394 14.5 Channel Convolution 401 14.6 Emulator
Development 403 14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems
403 14.8 Summary 407 15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411 Andres Alayon
Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2
Channel Modelling Concepts 414 15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418 15.4
Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419 15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421
15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429 15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429
15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436 15.7 Future Trends 437 16 Cognitive Radio
Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443 Ghazanfar A. Safdar 16.1
Introduction 443 16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443 16.3 Spectrum
Sensing in CRNs 448 16.4 Spectrum Assignment-Medium Access Control in CRNs
452 16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461 16.6 Applications of CRNs
468 16.7 Summary 470 17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473 Tim Brown 17.1
Antenna Fundamentals 474 17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the
Propagation Channel 477 17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design
484 17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485 17.5 Multiple
Antennas with Multiple Bands 489 17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects
491 17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492 17.8 Summary 492 18 Statistical
Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495 Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak
and Luis M. Correia 18.1 Motivation 495 18.2 Scenarios 496 18.3 Concepts
498 18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500 18.5 Body Coupling: Full
Wave Simulations 508 18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513 18.7
Correlation Analysis for BANs 517 18.8 Summary 522 Acknowledgements 523
References 523 Index 525
xxiii List of Acronyms xxv Part I BACKGROUND 1 Enabling Technologies for
3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3 Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge
Cabrejas 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and
Requirements 5 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11 1.4 Long
Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15 1.5 Summary 33 2
Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35 Andreas F. Molisch 2.1
Propagation Principles 35 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41 2.3
Stochastic Channel Description 46 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51 Part II
RADIO CHANNELS 3 Indoor Channels 67 Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu 3.1
Introduction 67 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69 3.3 Indoor Small Scale
Fading 83 4 Outdoor Channels 97 Petros Karadimas 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2
Reference Channel Model 98 4.3 Small Scale Variations 103 4.4 Path Loss and
Large Scale Variations 117 4.5 Summary 119 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123
Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2
Modelling Principles 124 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127 5.4
Deterministic Models 137 5.5 Hybrid Models 142 6 Vehicular Channels 153
Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik
Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch 6.1 Introduction
153 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154 6.3 Vehicular Channel
Characterization 160 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171
6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels
187 Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen 7.1
Introduction 187 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188 7.3 Multi-User
Channel Characterization 196 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200 8 Wideband
Channels 215 Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen 8.1 Large Scale Channel
Properties 216 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219 8.3 Frequency
Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239
8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247
Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2
Wearable Antennas 249 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251 9.4
A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259 9.5 Antenna
Implants-Possible Future Trends 263 9.6 Summary 265 Part III SIMULATION AND
PERFORMANCE 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271 Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner
10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation
272 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277 10.4 Ray-Tracing
Methods 280 11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293 Guillaume de la Roche 11.1
Introduction 293 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell's Equations 294 11.3
Practical Use of FD Methods 298 11.4 Results 303 11.5 Perspectives for
Finite Difference Models 308 11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314 12
Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317 Thomas Kurner and Yves
Lostanlen 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317 12.2 Categorization of
Propagation Models 322 12.3 Empirical Models 325 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models
for Macro Cells 326 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332 12.6
Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339 12.7 Coverage Probability 344 13
System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349 Jan
Ellenbeck 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350
13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357 13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366
13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371 13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced
System-Level Simulator Calibration 379 13.7 Summary and Outlook 385 14
Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389 Julian Webber 14.1
Introduction 389 14.2 Emulator Systems 390 14.3 Random Number Generation
391 14.4 Fading Generators 394 14.5 Channel Convolution 401 14.6 Emulator
Development 403 14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems
403 14.8 Summary 407 15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411 Andres Alayon
Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2
Channel Modelling Concepts 414 15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418 15.4
Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419 15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421
15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429 15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429
15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436 15.7 Future Trends 437 16 Cognitive Radio
Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443 Ghazanfar A. Safdar 16.1
Introduction 443 16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443 16.3 Spectrum
Sensing in CRNs 448 16.4 Spectrum Assignment-Medium Access Control in CRNs
452 16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461 16.6 Applications of CRNs
468 16.7 Summary 470 17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473 Tim Brown 17.1
Antenna Fundamentals 474 17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the
Propagation Channel 477 17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design
484 17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485 17.5 Multiple
Antennas with Multiple Bands 489 17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects
491 17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492 17.8 Summary 492 18 Statistical
Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495 Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak
and Luis M. Correia 18.1 Motivation 495 18.2 Scenarios 496 18.3 Concepts
498 18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500 18.5 Body Coupling: Full
Wave Simulations 508 18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513 18.7
Correlation Analysis for BANs 517 18.8 Summary 522 Acknowledgements 523
References 523 Index 525