Antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems
With Chen, Xiaodong, Parini, Clive G. Parini, Clive G., Yao, Yuan, Rehman, Masood Ur
Antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems
With Chen, Xiaodong, Parini, Clive G. Parini, Clive G., Yao, Yuan, Rehman, Masood Ur
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This book addresses the fundamentals and practical implementations of antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
In this book, the authors discuss the various aspects of GNSS antennas, including fundamentals of GNSS, design approaches for the GNSS terminal and satellite antennas, performance enhancement techniques and effects of user's presence and surrounding environment on these antennas. In addition, the book will provide the reader with an insight into the most important aspects of the GNSS antenna technology and lay the foundations for future advancements. It also includes…mehr
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In this book, the authors discuss the various aspects of GNSS antennas, including fundamentals of GNSS, design approaches for the GNSS terminal and satellite antennas, performance enhancement techniques and effects of user's presence and surrounding environment on these antennas. In addition, the book will provide the reader with an insight into the most important aspects of the GNSS antenna technology and lay the foundations for future advancements. It also includes a number of real case studies describing the ways in which antenna design can be adapted to conform to the design constraints of practical user devices, and also the management of potential adverse interactions between the antenna and its platform.
Key Features:
Covers the fundamentals and practical implementations of antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Describes technological advancements for GPS, Glonass, Galileo and Compass
Aims to address future issues such as multipath interference, in building operation, RF interference in mobile
Includes a number of real case studies to illustrate practical implementation of GNSS
This book will be an invaluable guide for antenna designers, system engineers, researchers for GNSS systems and postgraduate students (antennas, satellite communication technology). R&D engineers in mobile handset manufacturers, spectrum engineers will also find this book of interest.
Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119993670
- 2. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 232
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. April 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 247mm x 161mm x 18mm
- Gewicht: 441g
- ISBN-13: 9781119993674
- ISBN-10: 1119993679
- Artikelnr.: 34754205
- Verlag: Wiley & Sons
- Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119993670
- 2. Aufl.
- Seitenzahl: 232
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. April 2012
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 247mm x 161mm x 18mm
- Gewicht: 441g
- ISBN-13: 9781119993674
- ISBN-10: 1119993679
- Artikelnr.: 34754205
Principles of GNSS 2 1.2.1 Time-Based Radio Navigation 2 1.2.2 A 3D
Time-Based Navigation System 5 1.3 Operation of GPS 8 1.4 Applications
Including Differential GPS 15 References 18 2 Fundamental Considerations
for GNSS Antennas 21 2.1 GNSS Radio Wave Propagation 21 2.1.1 Plane Waves
and Polarisation 21 2.1.2 GNSS Radio Wave Propagation and Effects 23 2.1.3
Why CP Waves in GNSS? 26 2.2 Antenna Design Fundamentals 26 2.2.1 Antenna
Fundamental Parameters 26 2.2.2 LP Antenna Design and Example 29 2.3 CP
Antenna Design 31 2.3.1 CP Antenna Fundamentals and Types 31 2.3.2 Simple
CP Antenna Design Example 35 2.3.3 Technical Challenges in Designing GNSS
Antennas 36 References 40 3 Satellite GNSS Antennas 41 3.1 Navigation
Antenna Requirements 41 3.2 Types of Antenna Deployed 41 3.3 Special
Considerations for Spacecraft Antenna Design 50 3.3.1 Passive
Intermodulation Effects 50 3.3.2 Multipactor Effects 52 References 52 4
Terminal GNSS Antennas 55 4.1 Microstrip Antenna for Terminal GNSS
Application 55 4.1.1 Single-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas 55 4.1.2
Dual-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas 60 4.1.3 Design with Ceramic Substrate
64 4.2 Spiral and Helix GNSS Antennas 66 4.2.1 Helix Antennas 66 4.2.2
Spiral Antennas 71 4.3 Design of a PIFA for a GNSS Terminal Antenna 73
References 79 5 Multimode and Advanced Terminal Antennas 81 5.1 Multiband
Terminal Antennas 81 5.1.1 Multiband Microstrip GNSS Antennas 82 5.1.2
Multiband Helix Antennas for GNSS 88 5.2 Wideband CP Terminal Antennas 95
5.2.1 Wideband Microstrip Antenna Array 95 5.2.2 High-Performance Universal
GNSS Antenna Based on Spiral Mode Microstrip Antenna Technology 96 5.2.3
Wideband CP Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna 96 5.2.4 Multi-Feed
Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multimode GNSS 98 5.3 High-Precision GNSS
Terminal Antennas 102 References 109 6 Terminal Antennas in Difficult
Environments 111 6.1 GNSS Antennas and Multipath Environment 111 6.2
Statistical Modelling of Multipath Environment for GNSS Operation 113 6.2.1
GPS Mean Effective Gain (MEGGPS) 114 6.2.2 GPS Angle of Arrival
Distribution (AoAGPS) 116 6.2.3 GPS Coverage Efficiency (·c) 117 6.3 Open
Field Test Procedure 119 6.3.1 Measurement of GPS Mean Effective Gain 119
6.3.2 Measurement of GPS Coverage Efficiency 120 6.3.3 Measurement Set-Up
120 6.4 Performance Assessment of GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in
Multipath Environment 121 6.4.1 Design of Tested GPS Antennas 122 6.4.2
Comparison Based on Simulated and Measured 3D Radiation Patterns 127 6.4.3
Comparison Based on Measured 3D Radiation Patterns and Actual Field Tests
129 6.5 Performance Dependence on GNSS Antenna Orientation 133 6.6
Performance Enhancement of GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in Difficult
Environments 139 6.6.1 Assisted GPS 140 6.6.2 GPS Signal Reradiation 140
6.6.3 Beamforming 141 6.6.4 Diversity Antennas 141 References 147 7 Human
User Effects on GNSS Antennas 149 7.1 Interaction of Human Body and GNSS
Antennas 149 7.2 Effects of Human Body on GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in
Difficult Environments 150 7.2.1 Design of Tested GPS Antennas 151 7.2.2
Effects of Human Hand and Head Presence 151 7.2.3 Effects of Complete Human
Body Presence 166 References 179 8 Mobile Terminal GNSS Antennas 181 8.1
Introduction 181 8.2 Antenna Specification Parameters 183 8.2.1
Polarisation 183 8.2.2 Radiation Patterns 184 8.2.3 Impedance 185 8.2.4
Gain/Efficiency 186 8.2.5 Weight 187 8.2.6 Bandwidth 187 8.2.7 Phase
Performance 188 8.3 Classification of GNSS Terminals 188 8.3.1 Geodetic
Terminals 188 8.3.2 Rover Terminals 188 8.3.3 General Purpose Mobile
Terminals 189 8.4 Antenna Designs for Portable User Equipment 190 8.4.1
Short Quadrifilar Helices 190 8.4.2 Patch Antennas 191 8.4.3 Smaller
Antennas 192 8.5 The Function of the Platform 192 8.5.1 Antenna Efficiency,
Gain and Noise 193 8.6 Comparing Antenna Performance on UEs 194 8.6.1 Drive
Testing 194 8.6.2 Non-Antenna Aspects of Performance 195 8.7 Practical
Design 197 8.7.1 Positioning the GNSS Antenna on the Application Platform
197 8.7.2 Evaluating the Implementation 200 8.8 Case Studies 201 8.8.1
Measurement System 201 8.8.2 Case 1: Modified PIFA on Face of Small PCB 202
8.8.3 Case 2: Meandered Dipole Antenna on Top Edge of Small PCB 203 8.8.4
Case 3: Modified PIFA above LCD Display on Smart-Phone-Size Device 204
8.8.5 Case 4: Moving Modified PIFA from One to Adjacent Corner of PCB 205
8.8.6 Cases 5 and 6: Effects of Platform Electronics Noise 205 8.9 Summary
206 References 206 Appendix A Basic Principle of Decoding Information from
a CDMA Signal 207 Appendix B Antenna Phase Characteristics and Evaluation
of Phase Centre Stability 211 Index 215
Principles of GNSS 2 1.2.1 Time-Based Radio Navigation 2 1.2.2 A 3D
Time-Based Navigation System 5 1.3 Operation of GPS 8 1.4 Applications
Including Differential GPS 15 References 18 2 Fundamental Considerations
for GNSS Antennas 21 2.1 GNSS Radio Wave Propagation 21 2.1.1 Plane Waves
and Polarisation 21 2.1.2 GNSS Radio Wave Propagation and Effects 23 2.1.3
Why CP Waves in GNSS? 26 2.2 Antenna Design Fundamentals 26 2.2.1 Antenna
Fundamental Parameters 26 2.2.2 LP Antenna Design and Example 29 2.3 CP
Antenna Design 31 2.3.1 CP Antenna Fundamentals and Types 31 2.3.2 Simple
CP Antenna Design Example 35 2.3.3 Technical Challenges in Designing GNSS
Antennas 36 References 40 3 Satellite GNSS Antennas 41 3.1 Navigation
Antenna Requirements 41 3.2 Types of Antenna Deployed 41 3.3 Special
Considerations for Spacecraft Antenna Design 50 3.3.1 Passive
Intermodulation Effects 50 3.3.2 Multipactor Effects 52 References 52 4
Terminal GNSS Antennas 55 4.1 Microstrip Antenna for Terminal GNSS
Application 55 4.1.1 Single-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas 55 4.1.2
Dual-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas 60 4.1.3 Design with Ceramic Substrate
64 4.2 Spiral and Helix GNSS Antennas 66 4.2.1 Helix Antennas 66 4.2.2
Spiral Antennas 71 4.3 Design of a PIFA for a GNSS Terminal Antenna 73
References 79 5 Multimode and Advanced Terminal Antennas 81 5.1 Multiband
Terminal Antennas 81 5.1.1 Multiband Microstrip GNSS Antennas 82 5.1.2
Multiband Helix Antennas for GNSS 88 5.2 Wideband CP Terminal Antennas 95
5.2.1 Wideband Microstrip Antenna Array 95 5.2.2 High-Performance Universal
GNSS Antenna Based on Spiral Mode Microstrip Antenna Technology 96 5.2.3
Wideband CP Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna 96 5.2.4 Multi-Feed
Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multimode GNSS 98 5.3 High-Precision GNSS
Terminal Antennas 102 References 109 6 Terminal Antennas in Difficult
Environments 111 6.1 GNSS Antennas and Multipath Environment 111 6.2
Statistical Modelling of Multipath Environment for GNSS Operation 113 6.2.1
GPS Mean Effective Gain (MEGGPS) 114 6.2.2 GPS Angle of Arrival
Distribution (AoAGPS) 116 6.2.3 GPS Coverage Efficiency (·c) 117 6.3 Open
Field Test Procedure 119 6.3.1 Measurement of GPS Mean Effective Gain 119
6.3.2 Measurement of GPS Coverage Efficiency 120 6.3.3 Measurement Set-Up
120 6.4 Performance Assessment of GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in
Multipath Environment 121 6.4.1 Design of Tested GPS Antennas 122 6.4.2
Comparison Based on Simulated and Measured 3D Radiation Patterns 127 6.4.3
Comparison Based on Measured 3D Radiation Patterns and Actual Field Tests
129 6.5 Performance Dependence on GNSS Antenna Orientation 133 6.6
Performance Enhancement of GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in Difficult
Environments 139 6.6.1 Assisted GPS 140 6.6.2 GPS Signal Reradiation 140
6.6.3 Beamforming 141 6.6.4 Diversity Antennas 141 References 147 7 Human
User Effects on GNSS Antennas 149 7.1 Interaction of Human Body and GNSS
Antennas 149 7.2 Effects of Human Body on GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in
Difficult Environments 150 7.2.1 Design of Tested GPS Antennas 151 7.2.2
Effects of Human Hand and Head Presence 151 7.2.3 Effects of Complete Human
Body Presence 166 References 179 8 Mobile Terminal GNSS Antennas 181 8.1
Introduction 181 8.2 Antenna Specification Parameters 183 8.2.1
Polarisation 183 8.2.2 Radiation Patterns 184 8.2.3 Impedance 185 8.2.4
Gain/Efficiency 186 8.2.5 Weight 187 8.2.6 Bandwidth 187 8.2.7 Phase
Performance 188 8.3 Classification of GNSS Terminals 188 8.3.1 Geodetic
Terminals 188 8.3.2 Rover Terminals 188 8.3.3 General Purpose Mobile
Terminals 189 8.4 Antenna Designs for Portable User Equipment 190 8.4.1
Short Quadrifilar Helices 190 8.4.2 Patch Antennas 191 8.4.3 Smaller
Antennas 192 8.5 The Function of the Platform 192 8.5.1 Antenna Efficiency,
Gain and Noise 193 8.6 Comparing Antenna Performance on UEs 194 8.6.1 Drive
Testing 194 8.6.2 Non-Antenna Aspects of Performance 195 8.7 Practical
Design 197 8.7.1 Positioning the GNSS Antenna on the Application Platform
197 8.7.2 Evaluating the Implementation 200 8.8 Case Studies 201 8.8.1
Measurement System 201 8.8.2 Case 1: Modified PIFA on Face of Small PCB 202
8.8.3 Case 2: Meandered Dipole Antenna on Top Edge of Small PCB 203 8.8.4
Case 3: Modified PIFA above LCD Display on Smart-Phone-Size Device 204
8.8.5 Case 4: Moving Modified PIFA from One to Adjacent Corner of PCB 205
8.8.6 Cases 5 and 6: Effects of Platform Electronics Noise 205 8.9 Summary
206 References 206 Appendix A Basic Principle of Decoding Information from
a CDMA Signal 207 Appendix B Antenna Phase Characteristics and Evaluation
of Phase Centre Stability 211 Index 215