Lithium Metal Anodes and Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries (eBook, PDF)

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This book provides comprehensive coverage of Lithium (Li) metal anodes for rechargeable batteries. Li is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1), low density (0.59 g cm-3), and the lowest negative electrochemical potential (-3.040 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode). Unfortunately, uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during Li deposition/stripping inherent in these batteries have prevented their practical applications over the past 40 years. With the emergence of post Li-ion batteries, safe and efficient operation of Li metal anode has become an enabling technology which may determine the fate of several promising candidates for the next generation energy storage systems, including rechargeable Li-air batteries, Li-S batteries, and Li metal batteries which utilize intercalation compounds as cathodes.

In this work, various factors thataffect the morphology and Coulombic efficiency of Li anode are analyzed. The authors also present the technologies utilized to characterize the morphology of Li deposition and the results obtained by modeling of Li dendrite growth. Finally, recent developments, especially the new approaches that enable safe and efficient operation of Li metal anode at high current densities are reviewed. The urgent need and perspectives in this field are also discussed. The fundamental understanding and approaches presented in this work will be critical for the application of Li metal anodes. The general principles and approaches can also be used in other metal electrodes and general electrochemical deposition of metal films.

Summarizes the opportunities and main challenges in the application of Li metal anodes in electrochemical devices
Reveals the fundamental mechanism of metal dendrite growth during electrochemical processes
Reviews the mainapproaches and techniques used to investigate Li metal deposition processes and Li film morphologies
Suggests key areas for the further development of Li metal anodes
Highlights how the general principles and approaches developed for repeated deposition/stripping of smooth Li metal films can be used in other metal electrode and general electrochemical deposition of metal films

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Dr. Ji-Guang (Jason) Zhang is a Laboratory Fellow of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. He is the group leader for PNNL's efforts in energy storage for transportation applications and has 25 years of experience in the development of energy storage devices, including Li-ion batteries, Li-air batteries, Li-metal batteries, Li-S batteries, and thin-film solid-state batteries. He was the co-recipient of two R&D 100 awards, holds 17 patents, and has published more than 200 papers in refereed journals. He was named Thomson Reuters' Highly Cited Researchers-2015 in the Engineering category.

Dr. Wu Xu is a Senior Research Scientist in the Energy and Environment Directorate of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. His main research interests include the development of electrolytes and electrode materials for various energy storage systems (such as lithium batteries, organic redox flow batteries and supercapacitors), the protection of lithium metal anode, and theinvestigation of electrode/electrolyte interfaces. He obtained his doctoral degree from the National University of Singapore in early 2000. He has had more than 100 papers published in peer-reviewed journals, 6 book chapters, and 24 U.S. patents granted with another 13 patents pending.

Dr. Wesley A. Henderson received his Ph.D. in Materials Science & Engineering (University of Minnesota) in 2002. He was a researcher at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1995) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (1996-1997), as well as an NSF International Research Fellow at ENEA, Advanced Energy Technologies Division, Rome, Italy. From 2004-2013, he was an Assistant Research Professor (Chemistry) at the U.S. Naval Academy and an Associate Professor (Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering) at North Carolina State University. He joined the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) as a Senior Research Scientist in 2014. His research expertise is liquid/solid electrolytes for energy storage/conversion applications including improved electrolyte characterization tools/methods and the correlation of molecular-level interactions with electrolyte properties and device performance.