eBook, ePUB

Learning from Arnstein's Ladder (eBook, ePUB)

From Citizen Participation to Public Engagement

Redaktion: Lauria, Mickey; Schively Slotterback, Carissa
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Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning processes in the United States, described a "ladder of citizen participation" that showed participation ranging from low to high. Arnstein depicted the failings of typical participation processes at the time and characterized aspirations toward engagement that have now been elevated to core values in planning practice. But since that time, the political, economic, and social context has evolved greatly, and planners, organizers, and residents have been involved in planning and community development practice in ways previous...

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