X-Ray Structure Analysis of Bio-Macromolecular Crystals

Practical Methods and Basic Theory

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Since the late 19th century, X-ray structural studies have forged ahead through technological progress and the creative ingenuity of researchers. As high intensity X-ray sources and increased speed and sensitivity of the detectors have emerged, it's now possible to image the atomic structure of complex bio-macromolecules, the orbital electron density of small molecules, and to even follow the dynamical behavior of bio-macromolecules. Textbooks from which junior researchers can grasp the current art have not kept pace with the technological developments and diversification of the field. X-ray s...

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Akio Takénaka is a Senior Researcher at the Institute of Natural Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University in Japan. After receiving a Doctor of Science degree from Kwansei Gakuin University, Akio Takénaka became interested in elucidating the mechanism by which proteins are synthesized according to the genetic code (composed of nucleic acid) at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Most crystallographers have done X-ray structural analysis on proteins. Consequently, methods in X-ray analysis of nucleic acid molecules have progressed at a slower pace. He have focused X-ray analyses on both nucleic acids and proteins and he revealed various nucleic acid structures. In particular, he was awarded the IUCr prize for discovering the octaplex helical structure of DNA. Takashi Kumasaka is the Director of Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research and Structural Biology Division at Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), which operates SPring-8 in Japan. He received his PhD in 1996 and contributed to the commissioning of the RIKEN structural biology beamlines at SPring-8 until 2002. After working as a lecturer at Tokyo Institute of Technology, he returned to SPring-8 in 2007 and continues to develop macromolecular crystallography beamlines and conduct structural biology research. Toshiyuki Chatake received a PhD degree with the title "X-ray analyses of DNA dodecamers containing 2'-deoxy-N6-methoxyadenosine" from Tokyo Institute of Technology and was awarded the Young Scientist Prize of the Crystallographic Society of Japan. He then worked on neutron crystallography of biomolecules at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. Finally, after working at Chiba Institute of Sciences, he is now working at Kyoto University on the development and application of neutron protein crystallography. In addition, he is carrying out structural studies of bioactive substances in the traditional Japanese food natto as another topic. Tomoko Sunami received a PhD degree in science for X-ray crystallographic study of DNA fragments under the supervision of Akio Takenaka at Tokyo Institute of Technology. Initially, she worked on crystallography of drug-target proteins with small compounds for drug discovery at Banyu Pharmaceutical. Later, she moved to the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (now National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology). She returned to her original interest in DNA research, focusing on understanding the structure of DNA and the principles of interactions between DNA and proteins through several biophysical methods such as fluorescence and single molecule techniques like optical tweezers. Jiro Kondo is a professor at Sophia University. He obtained a PhD degree in 2004 from Tokyo Institute of Technology. From 2004 to 2010, He engaged in RNA structural biology at the Université de Strasbourg. He started his own lab at Sophia University in 2010. He received The Young Scientists' Award of The Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. His research interests include the structure-based design of nucleic acids for medical and nanotechnology applications. He has solved several exotic de-novo structures, such as a DNA octaplex, silver-DNA hybrid nanowires, and DNA-templated silver nanoclusters. Ella Morishita is a senior investigator at Veritas In Silico. She holds a PhD in Life Science from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, where she studied the structural basis for the therapeutic properties of oligonucleotide therapies. She then pursued postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Tokyo and RIKEN, where she worked on solving the structures of macromolecular complexes implicated in HIV infection and cancer. At her current position, Ella leads multiple drug discovery programs that focus on identifying small molecule drugs targeting disease-relevant RNA structures and continues to harness her structural biology expertise in target identification and structure-based drug design. Wayne Dawson is a software developer, currently working at Veritas In Silico. He obtained an MS at San Jose State University and a Doctor of Science at the University of Tokyo (experimental physics), in which he focused on using muon spin polarization to investigate solid state materials at the former UTMSL at KEK. His formal education includes condensed matter physics, chemistry, and the liberal arts. Since graduating, he has focused on biotechnology and has worked on problems in quantum chemistry and the thermodynamics of biomolecules. He is currently working on developing next generation RNA structure prediction software.