Tweek Radio Atmospherics : Characteristic & Application in D-Region
Ajeet Kumar Maurya
Broschiertes Buch

Tweek Radio Atmospherics : Characteristic & Application in D-Region

D-region remote sensing Technique

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The return strokes of lightning discharges are powerful natural transmitters of the electromagnetic (EM) energy over a wide EM spectrum extending from few Hz to few tens of MHz with maximum spectral energy in the Extremely Low Frequency (ELF, 3-3000 Hz) and the Very Low Frequency (VLF, 3-30 kHz) bands. These EM waves at the ELF-VLF frequency propagate by multiple reflections in the atmospheric waveguide formed between the surface of the earth and the lower boundaries of ionosphere called Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide (EIWG) with very low attenuation rate (2-3 dB/1000 km) and hence are observed ar...