Kazimierz ¿aski (1921-2015), was born in Cz¿stochowa in Poland. Despite his Jewish origins, he survived the Second World War, fighting in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. He studied Economics with Oskar Lange and went on to hold the Chair in Political Economy at Warsaw's Economics University, where he organized lectures by Poland's other internationally-renowned economist, Michä Kalecki. ¿aski was expelled from Poland in 1968 during the anti-Semitic purge, and eventually settled in Austria, where he taught at the University in Linz and researched at the Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies. Even after his formal retirement Kazimierz ¿aski remained active, lecturing in Poland and presenting his research all over the world. Jerzy Osiaty¿ski studied at Warsaw School of Economics (1959-64) and at the University of Cambridge (1971-73). He has worked at the Warsaw School of Economics and at the Institute of Economics of the Polish Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on economic theory and policy, public finance, and economic development. Jan Toporowski studied economics at Birkbeck College, University of London, and the University of Birmingham, UK. He has worked in fund management, international banking, and central banking. He has been a consultant for the Economist Intelligence Unit and various UN agencies. Jan Toporowski has published nearly three hundred papers, books and reviews on monetary theory and policy, finance, and the work of Michä Kalecki, whose biography he has recently completed.
