Large-scale Bose-Einstein condensation of sodium and cesium atoms
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In Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) experiment, scientists have applied magnetic field (used to trap atoms) and laser (used to cool atoms), but never applied electric fields, because they think that all kinds of atoms (including alkali atom) are nonpolar atoms. These atoms, usually only 104 -106 of them, can be trapped and cooled, large-scale BEC has never been observed. Our innovation lies in the application of an electric field, we don't need a magnetic field and a laser. When an electric field was applied, alkali atoms become dipoles, they tend to align with the electric field because of th...
In Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) experiment, scientists have applied magnetic field (used to trap atoms) and laser (used to cool atoms), but never applied electric fields, because they think that all kinds of atoms (including alkali atom) are nonpolar atoms. These atoms, usually only 104 -106 of them, can be trapped and cooled, large-scale BEC has never been observed. Our innovation lies in the application of an electric field, we don't need a magnetic field and a laser. When an electric field was applied, alkali atoms become dipoles, they tend to align with the electric field because of the torque it experiences. Alkali gas was filled in a glass cylindrical capacitor, we create BEC with 2.5×1017 atoms, large-scale BEC at T=343K or T=353K has been observed. This book is based on two articles published in authoritative professional journals.The seventeen innovative formulas listed in Appendix B were first published in the history of Physics.The publication of this book will lead to a revolution in BEC research and condensed matter physics, marking that we human will enter a new era of polar atoms.
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