Is Your Stratagem Showing? The U.S. Lack of Understanding Chinese Characteristics in Information Warfare
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China conducts information warfare in a different way than the United States. While there have several studies by American or Western authors on China's information operations, many times they are devoid of a discussion on stratagems, a concept which makes China's information warfare program truly Chinese. It is important for Americans and other Westerners to understand stratagems since they make Chinese information warfare more easily understood. This paper used a literature review methodology in order to learn what information is available in open-source documentation and what information ha...
China conducts information warfare in a different way than the United States. While there have several studies by American or Western authors on China's information operations, many times they are devoid of a discussion on stratagems, a concept which makes China's information warfare program truly Chinese. It is important for Americans and other Westerners to understand stratagems since they make Chinese information warfare more easily understood. This paper used a literature review methodology in order to learn what information is available in open-source documentation and what information has been discussed in American media. There is information discussed in several avenues in American scholarly journals, but little is said about the concept of stratagems. Without an understanding of stratagems, American and Western scholars, researchers, and military leaders risk seeing Chinese information warfare as a mirror image of Western information warfare and losing any potential information war confrontation. This concept of stratagems is difficult to understand in the United States because it is not common in the American lexicon. The purpose of this paper is to provide historical information about the 36 stratagems from ancient China, still used in today's political and military realms, and how they can be adapted to today's information warfare. With an understanding of information warfare with Chinese characteristics, Americans and Westerners will have a better grasp of Chinese information warfare theory and practice. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
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