GALL INDUCING INSECTS: FROM ANATOMY TO BIODIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT

GALL INDUCING INSECTS: FROM ANATOMY TO BIODIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT

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Galls represent a fascinating natural phenomenon reflecting intimate interactions between organisms that have been shaped by organic evolution throughout millions of years. Approximately 13,000 species of insect gallers known in the world. Galls inducers have evolved independently in six orders of insects namely, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Galls can be induced by a wide variety of organisms namely viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, nematodes, copepods, and plants from the family Loranthaceae but are mainly caused by insects. The species richness o...