Digital Image Processing for Ophthalmology

Detection of the Optic Nerve Head

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Fundus images of the retina are color images of the eye taken by specially designed digital cameras. Ophthalmologists rely on fundus images to diagnose various diseases that affect the eye, such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. A crucial preliminary step in the analysis of retinal images is the identification and localization of important anatomical structures, such as the optic nerve head (ONH), the macula, and the major vascular arcades. Identification of the ONH is an important initial step in the detection and analysis of the anatomical structures and pathological features in the retina. Different types of retinal pathology may be detected and analyzed via the application of appropriately designed techniques of digital image processing and pattern recognition. Computer-aided analysis of retinal images has the potential to facilitate quantitative and objective analysis of retinal lesions and abnormalities. Accurate identification and localization of retinal features and lesions could contribute to improved diagnosis, treatment, and management of retinopathy. This book presents an introduction to diagnostic imaging of the retina and an overview of image processing techniques for ophthalmology. In particular, digital image processing algorithms and pattern analysis techniques for the detection of the ONH are described. In fundus images, the ONH usually appears as a bright region, white or yellow in color, and is indicated as the convergent area of the network of blood vessels. Use of the geometrical and intensity characteristics of the ONH, as well as the property that the ONH represents the location of entrance of the blood vessels and the optic nerve into the retina, is demonstrated in developing the methods. The image processing techniques described in the book include morphological filters for preprocessing fundus images, filters for edge detection, the Hough transform for the detection of lines and circles, Gabor filters to detect the blood vessels, and phase portrait analysis for the detection of convergent or node-like patterns. Illustrations of application of the methods to fundus images from two publicly available databases are presented, in terms of locating the center and the boundary of the ONH. Methods for quantitative evaluation of the results of detection of the ONH using measures of overlap and free-response receiver operating characteristics are also described. Table of Contents: Introduction / Computer-aided Analysis of Images of the Retina / Detection of Geometrical Patterns / Datasets and Experimental Setup / Detection of the\Optic Nerve Head\Using the Hough Transform / Detection of the\Optic Nerve Head\Using Phase Portraits / Concluding Remarks

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Xiaolu (Iris) Zhu received the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical Engineering in 2006 from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China. During the period of 2007- 2008, she obtained the Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. She has published three papers in journals and three in proceedings of conferences. At present, she is working as a software developer in the Institute for Biodiagnostics (West), National Research Council of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Her research interests are digital signal and image processing as well as biomedical imaging. In her spare time, she loves to swim, draw, and travel. Rangaraj M. Rangayyan is a Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and an Adjunct Professor of Surgery and Radiology, at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He received the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communicationin 1976 from the University of Mysore at the People's Education Society College of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka, India, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, in 1980. His research interests are in the areas of digital signal and image processing, biomedical signal analysis, biomedical image analysis, and computer-aided diagnosis. He has published more than 140 papers in journals and 220 papers in proceedings of conferences. His research productivity was recognized with the 1997 and 2001 Research Excellence Awards of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the 1997 Research Award of the Faculty of Engineering, and by appointment as a "University Professor" in 2003, at the University of Calgary. He is the author of two textbooks: Biomedical Signal Analysis (IEEE/ Wiley, 2002) and Biomedical Image Analysis (CRC, 2005); he has coauthored and coedited several other books. He was recognized by the IEEE with the award of the Third Millennium Medal in 2000, and he was elected as a Fellow of the IEEE in 2001, Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada in 2002, Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Bio[1]logical Engineering in 2003, Fellow of SPIE: the International Society for Optical Engineering in 2003, Fellow of the Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine in 2007, Fellow of the Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society in 2007, and Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering in 2009. He has been awarded the Killam Resident Fellowship thrice (1998, 2002, and 2007) in support of his book-writing projects. Dr. Anna L. Ells is an ophthalmologist, with dual fellowships in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Medical Retina. She has a combined academic hospital-based practice and private practice. Dr. Ells's research focuses on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), global prevention of blindness in children, and telemedicine approaches to ROP. Dr. Ells has internationalexpertise and has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals.