Uses real world case studies to present the key technologies of design and application of the synchronous generator excitation system This book systematically introduces the important technologies of design and application of the synchronous generator excitation system, including the three-phase bridge rectifier circuit, diode rectifier for separate excitation, brushless excitation system and the static self-stimulation excitation system. It fuses discussions on specific topics and basic theories, providing a detailed description of the theories essential for synchronous generators in the…mehr
Uses real world case studies to present the key technologies of design and application of the synchronous generator excitation system This book systematically introduces the important technologies of design and application of the synchronous generator excitation system, including the three-phase bridge rectifier circuit, diode rectifier for separate excitation, brushless excitation system and the static self-stimulation excitation system. It fuses discussions on specific topics and basic theories, providing a detailed description of the theories essential for synchronous generators in the analysis of excitation systems. Design and Application of Modern Synchronous Generator Excitation Systems provides a cutting-edge examination of excitation systems, addressing conventional hydro-turbines, pumped storage units, steam turbines, and nuclear power units. It looks at the features and performance of the excitation system of the 700MW hydro-turbine deployed at the Three Gorges Hydropower Plant spanning the Yangtze River in China, as well as the working principle and start-up procedure of the static frequency converter (SFC) of pumped storage units. It also expounds on the composition of the excitation transformer, power rectifier, de-excitation equipment, and automatic excitation regulator--in addition to the performance features of the excitation system of conventional 600/1000MW turbines and the excitation system of the 1000MW nuclear power unit. * Presents cutting-edge technologies of the excitation system from a unique engineering perspective * Offers broad appeal to power system engineers who require a better understanding of excitation systems * Addresses hydro-turbines, pumped storage units, steam turbines, and nuclear power units * Provides an interdisciplinary examination of a range of applications * Written by a senior expert in the area of excitation systems Written by an author with over 50 years' experience, Design and Application of Modern Synchronous Generator Excitation Systems is an excellent text that offers an interdisciplinary exposition for professionals, researchers, and academics alike.
Jicheng Li, Professor, is Senior Engineer and Consultant Research Fellow of the National Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, China. He is one of the expert panel members for the excitation system bid evaluation for the major hydropower projects represented by the Three Gorges, Longtan, Jinghong, and Lawaxi hydropower plants in China.
Inhaltsangabe
About the Author xxi Foreword xxiii Preface xxvii Introduction xxix Acknowledgement xxxi 1 Evolution and Development of Excitation Control 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Evolution of Excitation Control 1 1.3 Linear Multivariable Total Controller 11 1.4 Nonlinear Multivariable Excitation Controller 20 1.5 Power System Voltage Regulator (PSVR) 25 2 Characteristics of Synchronous Generator 35 2.1 Electromotive Force Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator 35 2.2 Electromagnetic Power and Power Angle Characteristic of Synchronous Generator 38 2.3 Operating Capacity Characteristic Curve of Synchronous Generator 41 2.4 Influence of External Reactance on Operating Capacity Characteristic Curve 45 2.5 Operating Characteristic Curves of Generator 50 2.6 Transient Characteristics of Synchronous Generator 54 3 Effect of Excitation Regulation on Power System Stability 67 3.1 Definition and Classification of Power System Stability 67 3.2 Criterion of Stability Level 68 3.3 Effects of Excitation Regulation on Power System Stability 68 4 Static and Transient State Characteristics of Excitation Systems 77 4.1 Static Characteristics of Excitation System 77 4.2 Ratio and Coefficient of Generator Voltage to Reactive Current of Generator 81 4.3 Transient State Characteristics of Excitation System 87 4.4 Stability Analysis of Excitation System 94 5 Control Law and Mathematical Model of Excitation System 97 5.1 Basic Control Law of Excitation System 97 5.2 Mathematical Model of the Excitation System 108 5.3 Mathematical Model of Excitation Control Unit 118 5.4 Parameter Setting of Excitation System 124 6 Basic Characteristics of Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit 137 6.1 Overview 137 6.2 Operating Principle of Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier 137 6.3 Type I Commutation State 139 6.4 Commutation Angle 144 6.5 Average Rectified Voltage 144 6.6 Instantaneous Rectified Voltage Value 147 6.7 Effective Element Current Value 147 6.8 Fundamental Wave and Harmonic Value for Alternating Current 152 6.9 Power Factor of Rectifying Device 156 6.10 Type III Commutation State 161 6.11 Type II Commutation State 167 6.12 External Characteristic Curve for Rectifier 168 6.13 Operating Principle of Three-Phase Bridge Inverter Circuit 170 7 Excitation System for Separately Excited Static Diode Rectifier 175 7.1 Harmonic Analysis for Alternating Current 175 7.2 Non-distortion Sinusoidal Potential and Equivalent Commutating Reactance 177 7.3 Expression for Commutation Angle , Load Resistance rf, and Commutating Reactance X 182 7.4 Rectified Voltage Ratio u and Rectified Current Ratio i 184 7.5 Steady-State Calculations for AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 186 7.6 General External Characteristics of Exciter 189 7.7 Transient State Process of AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 191 7.8 Simplified Transient Mathematical Model of AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 193 7.9 Transient State Process of Excitation System in Case of Small Deviation Change in Generator Excitation Current 196 7.10 Influence of Diode Rectifier on Time Constant of Generator Excitation Loop 200 7.11 Excitation Voltage Response for AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 201 7.12 Short-Circuit Current Calculations for AC Exciter 205 7.13 Calculations for AC Rated Parameters and Forced Excitation Parameters 211 8 Brushless Excitation System 215 8.1 Evolution of Brushless Excitation System 215 8.2 Technical Specifications for Brushless Excitation System 219 8.3 Composition of Brushless Excitation System 221 8.4 Voltage Response Characteristics of AC Exciter 224 8.5 Control Characteristics of Brushless Excitation System 227 8.6 Mathematical Models for Brushless Excitation System 232 8.7 AC2 Model 243 8.8 Generator Excitation Parameter Detection and Fault Alarm 246 9 Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 255 9.1 Overview 255 9.2 Characteristics of Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 255 9.3 Influence of Harmonic Current Load on Electromagnetic Characteristics of Auxiliary Generator 260 9.4 Parameterization of Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 268 9.5 Separately Excited SCR Excitation System with High-/Low-Voltage Bridge Rectifier 272 9.6 Parameterization of High-/Low-Voltage Bridge Rectifier 276 9.7 Transient Process of Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 281 10 Static Self-Excitation System 285 10.1 Overview 285 10.2 Characteristics of Static Self-Excitation System 288 10.3 Shaft Voltage of Static Self-Excitation System 307 10.4 Coordination between Low Excitation Restriction and Loss-of-Excitation Protection 311 10.5 Electric Braking of Steam Turbine 321 10.6 Electric Braking Application Example at Pumped-Storage Power Station 326 11 Automatic Excitation Regulator 329 11.1 Overview 329 11.2 Theoretical Basis of Digital Control 330 11.3 Digital Sampling and Signal Conversion 337 11.4 Control Operation 340 11.5 Per-Unit Value Setting 345 11.6 Digital Phase Shift Trigger 346 11.7 External Characteristics of Three-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier Circuit 348 11.8 Characteristics of Digital Excitation Systems 351 12 Excitation Transformer 365 12.1 Overview 365 12.2 Structural Characteristics of Resin Cast Dry-Type Excitation Transformer 367 12.3 Application Characteristics of Resin Cast Dry-Type Excitation Transformer 369 12.4 Specification for Resin Cast Dry-Type Excitation Transformer 369 12.5 Harmonic Current Analysis 389 13 Power Rectifier 395 13.1 Specification and Essential Parameters for Thyristor Rectifier Elements 395 13.2 Parameterization of Power Rectifier 400 13.3 Cooling of Large-Capacity Power Rectifier 407 13.4 Current Sharing of Power Rectifier 413 13.5 Protection of Power Rectifier 416 13.6 Thyristor Damage and Failure 429 13.7 Capacity of Power Rectifiers Operating in Parallel 433 13.8 Uncertainty of Parallel Operation of Double-Bridge Power Rectifiers 437 13.9 Five-Pole Disconnector of Power Rectifier 439 14 De-excitation and Rotor Overvoltage Protection of Synchronous Generator 441 14.1 Overview 441 14.2 Evaluation of Performance of De-excitation System 443 14.3 De-excitation System Classification 447 14.4 Influence of Saturation on De-excitation 463 14.5 Influence of Damping Winding Circuit on De-excitation 465 14.6 Field Circuit Breaker 467 14.7 Performance Characteristics of Nonlinear De-excitation Resistor 477 15 Excitation System Performance Characteristics of Hydropower Generator Set 485 15.1 Overview 485 15.2 Static Self-Excitation System of Xiangjiaba Hydro Power Station 485 16 Functional Characteristics of Excitation Control and Starting System of Reversible Pumped Storage Unit 521 16.1 Overview 521 16.2 Operation Mode and Excitation Control of Pumped Storage Unit 521 16.3 Application Example of Excitation System of Pumped Storage Unit 525 16.4 Working Principle of SFC 542 16.5 SFC Current and Speed Dual Closed-Loop Control System 560 16.6 Influence of SFC Start Current Harmonic Components on Power Station and Power System 562 16.7 Local Control Unit (LCU) Control Procedure for Pumped Storage Unit 566 16.8 Pumped Storage Unit Operating as Synchronous Condenser 568 16.9 De-excitation System of Pumped Storage Unit 569 16.10 Electric Braking of Pumped Storage Unit 572 16.11 Shaft Current Protection of Pumped Storage Unit 574 16.12 Application Characteristics of PSS of Pumped Storage Unit 577 17 Performance Characteristics of Excitation System of 1000 MW Turbine Generator Unit 579 17.1 Introduction of Excitation System of Turbine Generator of Malaysian Manjung 4 Thermal Power Station 579 17.2 Key Parameters of Turbine Generator Unit and Excitation System 581 17.3 Parameter Calculation of Main Components of Excitation System 585 17.4 Block Diagram of Automatically Regulated Excitation System 592 18 Performance Characteristics of 1000 MW Nuclear Power Steam Turbine Excitation System 601 18.1 Performance Characteristics of Steam Turbine Generator Brushless Excitation System of Fuqing Nuclear Power Station 601 18.2 Structural Characteristics of Brushless Excitation System 608 18.3 Analysis of Working State of Multi-Phase Brushless Exciter 612 18.4 Calculation of Excitation System Parameters of Fuqing Nuclear Power Station 618 18.5 Static Excitation System of Sanmen Nuclear Power Station 624 References 639 Index 643
About the Author xxi Foreword xxiii Preface xxvii Introduction xxix Acknowledgement xxxi 1 Evolution and Development of Excitation Control 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Evolution of Excitation Control 1 1.3 Linear Multivariable Total Controller 11 1.4 Nonlinear Multivariable Excitation Controller 20 1.5 Power System Voltage Regulator (PSVR) 25 2 Characteristics of Synchronous Generator 35 2.1 Electromotive Force Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator 35 2.2 Electromagnetic Power and Power Angle Characteristic of Synchronous Generator 38 2.3 Operating Capacity Characteristic Curve of Synchronous Generator 41 2.4 Influence of External Reactance on Operating Capacity Characteristic Curve 45 2.5 Operating Characteristic Curves of Generator 50 2.6 Transient Characteristics of Synchronous Generator 54 3 Effect of Excitation Regulation on Power System Stability 67 3.1 Definition and Classification of Power System Stability 67 3.2 Criterion of Stability Level 68 3.3 Effects of Excitation Regulation on Power System Stability 68 4 Static and Transient State Characteristics of Excitation Systems 77 4.1 Static Characteristics of Excitation System 77 4.2 Ratio and Coefficient of Generator Voltage to Reactive Current of Generator 81 4.3 Transient State Characteristics of Excitation System 87 4.4 Stability Analysis of Excitation System 94 5 Control Law and Mathematical Model of Excitation System 97 5.1 Basic Control Law of Excitation System 97 5.2 Mathematical Model of the Excitation System 108 5.3 Mathematical Model of Excitation Control Unit 118 5.4 Parameter Setting of Excitation System 124 6 Basic Characteristics of Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit 137 6.1 Overview 137 6.2 Operating Principle of Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier 137 6.3 Type I Commutation State 139 6.4 Commutation Angle 144 6.5 Average Rectified Voltage 144 6.6 Instantaneous Rectified Voltage Value 147 6.7 Effective Element Current Value 147 6.8 Fundamental Wave and Harmonic Value for Alternating Current 152 6.9 Power Factor of Rectifying Device 156 6.10 Type III Commutation State 161 6.11 Type II Commutation State 167 6.12 External Characteristic Curve for Rectifier 168 6.13 Operating Principle of Three-Phase Bridge Inverter Circuit 170 7 Excitation System for Separately Excited Static Diode Rectifier 175 7.1 Harmonic Analysis for Alternating Current 175 7.2 Non-distortion Sinusoidal Potential and Equivalent Commutating Reactance 177 7.3 Expression for Commutation Angle , Load Resistance rf, and Commutating Reactance X 182 7.4 Rectified Voltage Ratio u and Rectified Current Ratio i 184 7.5 Steady-State Calculations for AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 186 7.6 General External Characteristics of Exciter 189 7.7 Transient State Process of AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 191 7.8 Simplified Transient Mathematical Model of AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 193 7.9 Transient State Process of Excitation System in Case of Small Deviation Change in Generator Excitation Current 196 7.10 Influence of Diode Rectifier on Time Constant of Generator Excitation Loop 200 7.11 Excitation Voltage Response for AC Exciter with Rectifier Load 201 7.12 Short-Circuit Current Calculations for AC Exciter 205 7.13 Calculations for AC Rated Parameters and Forced Excitation Parameters 211 8 Brushless Excitation System 215 8.1 Evolution of Brushless Excitation System 215 8.2 Technical Specifications for Brushless Excitation System 219 8.3 Composition of Brushless Excitation System 221 8.4 Voltage Response Characteristics of AC Exciter 224 8.5 Control Characteristics of Brushless Excitation System 227 8.6 Mathematical Models for Brushless Excitation System 232 8.7 AC2 Model 243 8.8 Generator Excitation Parameter Detection and Fault Alarm 246 9 Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 255 9.1 Overview 255 9.2 Characteristics of Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 255 9.3 Influence of Harmonic Current Load on Electromagnetic Characteristics of Auxiliary Generator 260 9.4 Parameterization of Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 268 9.5 Separately Excited SCR Excitation System with High-/Low-Voltage Bridge Rectifier 272 9.6 Parameterization of High-/Low-Voltage Bridge Rectifier 276 9.7 Transient Process of Separately Excited SCR Excitation System 281 10 Static Self-Excitation System 285 10.1 Overview 285 10.2 Characteristics of Static Self-Excitation System 288 10.3 Shaft Voltage of Static Self-Excitation System 307 10.4 Coordination between Low Excitation Restriction and Loss-of-Excitation Protection 311 10.5 Electric Braking of Steam Turbine 321 10.6 Electric Braking Application Example at Pumped-Storage Power Station 326 11 Automatic Excitation Regulator 329 11.1 Overview 329 11.2 Theoretical Basis of Digital Control 330 11.3 Digital Sampling and Signal Conversion 337 11.4 Control Operation 340 11.5 Per-Unit Value Setting 345 11.6 Digital Phase Shift Trigger 346 11.7 External Characteristics of Three-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier Circuit 348 11.8 Characteristics of Digital Excitation Systems 351 12 Excitation Transformer 365 12.1 Overview 365 12.2 Structural Characteristics of Resin Cast Dry-Type Excitation Transformer 367 12.3 Application Characteristics of Resin Cast Dry-Type Excitation Transformer 369 12.4 Specification for Resin Cast Dry-Type Excitation Transformer 369 12.5 Harmonic Current Analysis 389 13 Power Rectifier 395 13.1 Specification and Essential Parameters for Thyristor Rectifier Elements 395 13.2 Parameterization of Power Rectifier 400 13.3 Cooling of Large-Capacity Power Rectifier 407 13.4 Current Sharing of Power Rectifier 413 13.5 Protection of Power Rectifier 416 13.6 Thyristor Damage and Failure 429 13.7 Capacity of Power Rectifiers Operating in Parallel 433 13.8 Uncertainty of Parallel Operation of Double-Bridge Power Rectifiers 437 13.9 Five-Pole Disconnector of Power Rectifier 439 14 De-excitation and Rotor Overvoltage Protection of Synchronous Generator 441 14.1 Overview 441 14.2 Evaluation of Performance of De-excitation System 443 14.3 De-excitation System Classification 447 14.4 Influence of Saturation on De-excitation 463 14.5 Influence of Damping Winding Circuit on De-excitation 465 14.6 Field Circuit Breaker 467 14.7 Performance Characteristics of Nonlinear De-excitation Resistor 477 15 Excitation System Performance Characteristics of Hydropower Generator Set 485 15.1 Overview 485 15.2 Static Self-Excitation System of Xiangjiaba Hydro Power Station 485 16 Functional Characteristics of Excitation Control and Starting System of Reversible Pumped Storage Unit 521 16.1 Overview 521 16.2 Operation Mode and Excitation Control of Pumped Storage Unit 521 16.3 Application Example of Excitation System of Pumped Storage Unit 525 16.4 Working Principle of SFC 542 16.5 SFC Current and Speed Dual Closed-Loop Control System 560 16.6 Influence of SFC Start Current Harmonic Components on Power Station and Power System 562 16.7 Local Control Unit (LCU) Control Procedure for Pumped Storage Unit 566 16.8 Pumped Storage Unit Operating as Synchronous Condenser 568 16.9 De-excitation System of Pumped Storage Unit 569 16.10 Electric Braking of Pumped Storage Unit 572 16.11 Shaft Current Protection of Pumped Storage Unit 574 16.12 Application Characteristics of PSS of Pumped Storage Unit 577 17 Performance Characteristics of Excitation System of 1000 MW Turbine Generator Unit 579 17.1 Introduction of Excitation System of Turbine Generator of Malaysian Manjung 4 Thermal Power Station 579 17.2 Key Parameters of Turbine Generator Unit and Excitation System 581 17.3 Parameter Calculation of Main Components of Excitation System 585 17.4 Block Diagram of Automatically Regulated Excitation System 592 18 Performance Characteristics of 1000 MW Nuclear Power Steam Turbine Excitation System 601 18.1 Performance Characteristics of Steam Turbine Generator Brushless Excitation System of Fuqing Nuclear Power Station 601 18.2 Structural Characteristics of Brushless Excitation System 608 18.3 Analysis of Working State of Multi-Phase Brushless Exciter 612 18.4 Calculation of Excitation System Parameters of Fuqing Nuclear Power Station 618 18.5 Static Excitation System of Sanmen Nuclear Power Station 624 References 639 Index 643
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