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Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils

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Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude OilsA comprehensive guide to a cutting-edge and cost-effective refinement process for heavy oilOil sufficiently viscous that it cannot flow normally from production wells is called heavy oil and constitutes as much as 70% of global oil reserves. Extracting and refining this oil can pose significant challenges, including very high transportation costs. As a result, processes which produce and partially refine heavy oil in situ, known as catalytic upgrading, are an increasingly important part of the heavy oil extraction process, and the ...