Analog filters are commonly used in areas such as electronics, communications, controls and signal processing. It is desirable for engineers and students in these areas to have a sound understanding of basic filter theory. This book is intended to be an intermediate level treatise of this subject. It can be used either as a textbook in a course at either the undergraduate or graduate level, or as a reference for engineers who find it useful to have an introductory knowlege or a general overview of analog filters. It introduces the theory behind filter development and the design techniques…mehr
Analog filters are commonly used in areas such as electronics, communications, controls and signal processing. It is desirable for engineers and students in these areas to have a sound understanding of basic filter theory. This book is intended to be an intermediate level treatise of this subject. It can be used either as a textbook in a course at either the undergraduate or graduate level, or as a reference for engineers who find it useful to have an introductory knowlege or a general overview of analog filters. It introduces the theory behind filter development and the design techniques commonly used in practice, including the application of standard software packages. Extensive use is made of MATLAB for examples and problem sets, allowing readers to acquire familiarity with the methods for designing filters with a modern software tool.
Preface.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Preliminary remarks.- 1.2 The analog filter.- 1.3 Ideal and approximate filter characteristics.- 1.4 MATLAB.- 1.5 Circuit analysis.- 1.6 Normalization and denormalization-scaling.- 1.7 Steps involved in the design of filters.- 2 The approximation.- 2.1 The Butterworth lowpass characteristic.- 2.2 The Chebyshev lowpass characteristic.- 2.3 Other Chebyshev-related characteristics.- 2.4 The elliptic-function filter characteristic.- 2.5 Comparison of standard lowpass characteristics.- 2.6 Summary.- 3 Network functions.- 3.1 General procedure.- 3.2 Network functions for Butterworth filters.- 3.3 Network functions for Chebyshev filters.- 3.4 Network functions for elliptic-function filters.- 3.5 Bessel-Thomson filter functions.- 3.6 Delay equalization.- 3.7 Summary.- 4 Frequency transformation.- 4.1 Lowpass-to-highpass transformation.- 4.2 Lowpass-to-bandpass transformation.- 4.3 Lowpass-to-bandreject transformation.- 4.4 Summary.- 5 Properties and synthesis of passive networks.- 5.1 The driving-point function of a passive oneport - the positive real function.- 5.2 The driving-point function of a lossless oneport - the lossless function.- 5.3 Properties of lossless twoports.- 5.4 LC ladder twoport.- 5.5 Foster's preamble.- 5.6 Summary.- 6 Singly-terminated LC ladders.- 6.1 LC ladder with a current source.- 6.2 LC ladder with a voltage source.- 6.3 Other singly-terminated orientations.- 6.4 Summary.- 7 Doubly-terminated LC ladders.- 7.1 Basic formulation.- 7.2 LC ladders with equal terminations.- 7.3 LC ladders with unequal terminations.- 7.4 A doubly-terminated filter used in reverse.- 7.5 Summary.- 8 Sensitivity.- 8.1 Definition of sensitivity.- 8.2 Properties of first-order sensitivity.- 8.3 Sensitivities of network performance.- 8.4Sensitivity calculation.- 8.5 Unnormalized sensitivity.- 8.6 Multiparameter and statistical sensitivities.- 8.7 A case for low sensitivity of passive filters.- 8.8 Summary.- 9 Basics of active filters.- 9.1 Comparison of passive and active filters.- 9.3 Some simple op amp circuits.- 9.4 First-order sections.- 9.5 RC single-op amp circuit relationships.- 9.6 Gain adjustments.- 9.7 RC-CR transformation.- 9.8 Types of biquads.- 9.9 Summary.- 10 Biquad circuits.- 10.1 Sallen-Key biquads.- 10.2 Infinite-gain multiple-feedback (MFB) biquads.- 10.3 The two-integrator biquads.- 10.4 Summary.- 11 High-order active filters.- 11.1 The cascade realization.- 11.2 The state-variable method of realization.- 11.3 Lowpass-to-bandpass transformation.- 11.4 Internal gain change.- 11.5 Summary.- 12 Active simulation of passive filters.- 12.1 Some active twoports.- 12.2 The generalized impedance converter (GIC).- 12.3 Simulation of inductances in an LC ladder.- 12.4 Simulation using frequency-dependent negative resistances (FDNR's).- 12.5 Functional simulation of passive filters.- 12.6 Summary.- 13 Switched-capacitor filters.- 13.1 An introduction.- 13.2 Simulation of resistors by switched capacitors.- 13.3 Simple basic circuits.- 13.4 Switched-capacitor biquads.- 13.5 Functional simulation of LC ladders.- 13.6 Summary.- Appendix A Tables of filter functions.
Preface.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Preliminary remarks.- 1.2 The analog filter.- 1.3 Ideal and approximate filter characteristics.- 1.4 MATLAB.- 1.5 Circuit analysis.- 1.6 Normalization and denormalization-scaling.- 1.7 Steps involved in the design of filters.- 2 The approximation.- 2.1 The Butterworth lowpass characteristic.- 2.2 The Chebyshev lowpass characteristic.- 2.3 Other Chebyshev-related characteristics.- 2.4 The elliptic-function filter characteristic.- 2.5 Comparison of standard lowpass characteristics.- 2.6 Summary.- 3 Network functions.- 3.1 General procedure.- 3.2 Network functions for Butterworth filters.- 3.3 Network functions for Chebyshev filters.- 3.4 Network functions for elliptic-function filters.- 3.5 Bessel-Thomson filter functions.- 3.6 Delay equalization.- 3.7 Summary.- 4 Frequency transformation.- 4.1 Lowpass-to-highpass transformation.- 4.2 Lowpass-to-bandpass transformation.- 4.3 Lowpass-to-bandreject transformation.- 4.4 Summary.- 5 Properties and synthesis of passive networks.- 5.1 The driving-point function of a passive oneport - the positive real function.- 5.2 The driving-point function of a lossless oneport - the lossless function.- 5.3 Properties of lossless twoports.- 5.4 LC ladder twoport.- 5.5 Foster's preamble.- 5.6 Summary.- 6 Singly-terminated LC ladders.- 6.1 LC ladder with a current source.- 6.2 LC ladder with a voltage source.- 6.3 Other singly-terminated orientations.- 6.4 Summary.- 7 Doubly-terminated LC ladders.- 7.1 Basic formulation.- 7.2 LC ladders with equal terminations.- 7.3 LC ladders with unequal terminations.- 7.4 A doubly-terminated filter used in reverse.- 7.5 Summary.- 8 Sensitivity.- 8.1 Definition of sensitivity.- 8.2 Properties of first-order sensitivity.- 8.3 Sensitivities of network performance.- 8.4Sensitivity calculation.- 8.5 Unnormalized sensitivity.- 8.6 Multiparameter and statistical sensitivities.- 8.7 A case for low sensitivity of passive filters.- 8.8 Summary.- 9 Basics of active filters.- 9.1 Comparison of passive and active filters.- 9.3 Some simple op amp circuits.- 9.4 First-order sections.- 9.5 RC single-op amp circuit relationships.- 9.6 Gain adjustments.- 9.7 RC-CR transformation.- 9.8 Types of biquads.- 9.9 Summary.- 10 Biquad circuits.- 10.1 Sallen-Key biquads.- 10.2 Infinite-gain multiple-feedback (MFB) biquads.- 10.3 The two-integrator biquads.- 10.4 Summary.- 11 High-order active filters.- 11.1 The cascade realization.- 11.2 The state-variable method of realization.- 11.3 Lowpass-to-bandpass transformation.- 11.4 Internal gain change.- 11.5 Summary.- 12 Active simulation of passive filters.- 12.1 Some active twoports.- 12.2 The generalized impedance converter (GIC).- 12.3 Simulation of inductances in an LC ladder.- 12.4 Simulation using frequency-dependent negative resistances (FDNR's).- 12.5 Functional simulation of passive filters.- 12.6 Summary.- 13 Switched-capacitor filters.- 13.1 An introduction.- 13.2 Simulation of resistors by switched capacitors.- 13.3 Simple basic circuits.- 13.4 Switched-capacitor biquads.- 13.5 Functional simulation of LC ladders.- 13.6 Summary.- Appendix A Tables of filter functions.
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