Keith T. Sillar, Laurence D. Picton, William J. Heitler

The Neuroethology of Predation and Escape (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

THE NEUROETHOLOGY OF PREDATION AND ESCAPE To eat and not get eaten is key to animal survival, and the arms race between predators and prey has driven the evolution of many rapid and spectacular behaviours. This book explores the neural mechanisms controlling predation and escape, where specialisations in afferent pathways, central circuits, motor control and biomechanics can be traced through to natural animal behaviour. Each chapter provides an integrated and comparative review of case studies in neuroethology. Ranging from the classic studies on bat biosonar and insect counter-measures, through to fish-eating snails armed with powerful neurotoxins, the book covers a diverse and fascinating range of adaptations. Common principles of biological design and organization are highlighted throughout the text. The book is aimed at several audiences: * for lecturers and students. This synthesis will help to underpin the curriculum in neuroscience and behavioural biology, especially for courses focusing on neuroethology * for postgraduate students. The sections devoted to your area of specialism will give a flying start to your research reading, while the other chapters offer breadth and insights from comparative studies * for academic researchers. The book will provide a valuable resource and an enjoyable read Above all, we hope this book will inspire the next generation of neuroethologists.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 392
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. April 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118527160
• Artikelnr.: 44872866

Autorenporträt

Keith T. Sillar School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK Laurence D. Picton School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK William J. Heitler School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK

Inhaltsangabe

General Introduction
xi What this book is about
xiii How this book is organised
xv Who this book is for
xvi Acknowledgements
xvi References
xvii 1 Vision
2 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum
3 1.2 Eyes: acuity and sensitivity
5 1.2.1 Foveae
6 1.3 Feature recognition and releasing behaviour
8 1.4 Prey capture in toads
9 1.4.1 Attack or avoid: 'worms' and 'anti?-worms'
9 1.4.2 Retinal processing
11 1.4.3 Feature detector neurons
12 1.4.4 Modulation and plasticity
14 1.4.5 Toad prey capture: the insects fight back
15 1.5 Beyond the visible spectrum
16 1.5.1 Pit organs
16 1.5.2 Thermotransduction
20 1.5.3 Brain processing and cross?-modal integration
21 1.5.4 Behaviour
22 1.5.5 Infrared defence signals
25 1.6 Aerial predators: dragonfly vision
27 1.6.1 Dragonfly eyes
27 1.6.2 Aerial pursuit
28 1.6.3 Predictive foveation
29 1.6.4 Reactive steering: STMDs and TSDNs
30 1.7 Summary
31 Abbreviations
32 References
32 2 Olfaction
36 2.1 Mechanisms of olfaction
38 2.1.1 Detection and specificity
38 2.1.2 Olfactory sub?-systems
40 2.1.3 Brain processing
41 2.2 Olfactory tracking and localisation
41 2.3 Pheromones and kairomones
45 2.3.1 Alarm pheromones
45 2.3.2 Predator odours
46 2.3.3 Dual purpose signals: the MUP family
47 2.3.4 Parasites: when kairomones go bad!
49 2.4 Summary
50 Abbreviations
51 References
51 3 Owl Hearing
54 3.1 Timing and intensity
56 3.2 Owl sound localisation mechanisms
58 3.3 Anatomy
60 3.4 Neural computation
61 3.4.1 The auditory map
62 3.4.2 Early stage processing
66 3.4.3 ITD processing
69 3.4.4 IID processing
76 3.5 Combining ITD and IID specificity in the inferior colliculus
77 3.6 Audio?-visual integration and experience?-dependent tuning of the auditory map
78 3.6.1 Audio?-visual discrepancy can re?-map the ICC?-ICX connections
80 3.6.2 Motor adaptation
82 3.6.3 Age and experience matter!
82 3.6.4 Cellular mechanisms of re?-mapping
82 3.7 Summary
83 Abbreviations
84 References
85 4 Mammalian Hearing
88 4.1 Spectral cues
90 4.1.1 Neural processing of spectral cues
90 4.2 Binaural processing
92 4.2.1 IID processing
93 4.2.2 ITD processing
94 4.2.3 Calyx of Held
99 4.3 Do mammals have a space map like owls? 100 4.4 Comparative studies in mammals
101 4.5 Summary
102 4.5.1 Caveats
102 Abbreviations
102 References
103 5 The Biosonar System of Bats
106 5.1 Bat echolocation
107 5.1.1 Why ultrasound? 108 5.1.2 Range limits
109 5.2 The sound production system
109 5.2.1 Types of sound: CF and FM pulses
110 5.2.2 Echolocation in predation: a three?-phase attack strategy
112 5.2.3 Duty cycle and pulse?-echo overlap
113 5.3 The sound reception system
114 5.3.1 Bats have big ears
114 5.3.2 Peripheral specialisations: automatic gain control and acoustic fovea
115 5.4 Eco?-physiology: different calls for different situations
116 5.4.1 Target discovery
117 5.4.2 Target range and texture
118 5.4.3 Target location
119 5.4.4 Target velocity: the Doppler shift
119 5.4.5 Target identity: flutter detection
121 5.4.6 Jamming avoidance response
123 5.4.7 Food competition and intentional jamming
123 5.5 Brain mechanisms of echo detection
124 5.5.1 The auditory cortex
125 5.5.2 Range and size analysis: the FM?-FM area
125 5.5.3 Velocity analysis: the CF?-CF area
128 5.5.4 Fine frequency analysis: the DSCF area
130 5.6 Evolutionary considerations
131 5.7 The insects fight back
132 5.7.1 Moth ears and evasive action
132 5.7.2 Bad taste
133 5.7.3 Shouting back
134 5.8 Final thoughts
135 5.9 Summary
136 Abbreviations
137 References
137 6 Electrolocation and Electric Organs
140 6.1 Passive electrolocation
142 6.1.1 Ampullary electroreceptors
142 6.1.2 Prey localisation
145 6.1.3 Mammalian electrolocation
146 6.2 Electric fish
148 6.3 Strongly electric fish
151 6.3.1 Freshwater fish: the electric eel
151 6.3.2 Marine fish: The electric ray
156 6.3.3 Avoiding self?-electrocution
158 6.4 Active electrolocation
158 6.4.1 Weakly electric fish
158 6.4.2 Tuberous electroreceptors
161 6.4.3 Brain maps for active electrolocation
163 6.4.4 Avoiding detection
mostly
164 6.4.5 Frequency niches
166 6.4.6 The jamming avoidance response
167 6.5 Summary
174 Abbreviations
175 References
175 7 The Crayfish Escape Tail?-Flip
178 7.1 Invertebrate vs. vertebrate nervous systems
179 7.2 Tail?-flip form and function
180 7.3 Command neurons
182 7.4 Motor output
184 7.4.1 Directional control
184 7.4.2 Rectifying electrical synapses
186 7.4.3 Depolarising inhibition
188 7.4.4 FF drive and the segmental giant neuron
189 7.4.5 Limb activity during GF tail?-flips
189 7.4.6 Tail extension
190 7.4.7 Non?-giant tail?-flips
190 7.5 Activation of GF tail?-flips
191 7.5.1 Coincidence detection
193 7.5.2 Habituation and prevention of self?-stimulation
195 7.6 Modulation and neuroeconomics
196 7.6.1 Mechanisms of modulation
197 7.6.2 Serotonin modulation
198 7.7 Social status
serotonin and the crayfish tail?-flip
198 7.7.1 Social status effects on tail?-flip threshold
199 7.7.2 Serotonin effects on tail?-flip threshold depend on social status
200 7.8 Evolution and adaptations of the tail?-flip circuitry
202 7.8.1 Penaeus: a unique myelination mechanism gives ultra?-rapid conduction
205 7.9 Summary
208 Abbreviations
208 References
209 8 Fish Escape: the Mauthner System
212 8.1 Fish ears and the lateral line
214 8.1.1 Directional sensitivity
215 8.2 Mauthner cells
215 8.2.1 Biophysical properties
217 8.3 Sensory inputs to M?-cells
218 8.3.1 Feedforward inhibition and threshold setting
220 8.3.2 PHP neurons: electrical inhibition
220 8.4 Directional selectivity and the lateral line
222 8.4.1 Obstacle avoidance
223 8.5 M?-cell output
223 8.5.1 Feedback electrical inhibition: collateral PHP neurons
223 8.5.2 Spinal motor output
224 8.5.3 Spinal inhibitory interneurons: CoLos
224 8.6 The Mauthner system: command
control and flexibility
226 8.7 Stage 2 and beyond
230 8.8 Social status and escape threshold
230 8.9 Adaptations and modifications of the M?-circuit
233 8.10 Predators fight back: the amazing tentacled snake
235 8.11 Summary
239 Abbreviations
239 References
240 9 The Mammalian Startle Response
244 9.1 Pathologies
246 9.2 Neural circuitry of the mammalian startle response
248 9.3 Modulation of startle
250 9.4 Summary
250 Abbreviations
251 References
251 10 The Ballistic Attack of Archer Fish
254 10.1 The water pistol
255 10.2 Perceptual problems and solutions
257 10.3 Learning to shoot
260 10.4 Prey retrieval by archer fish
261 10.4.1 Computing the landing point
262 10.4.2 Orientation
263 10.4.3 Dash to the target
264 10.5 Summary
264 References
265 11 Catapults for Attack and Escape
266 11.1 The bow and arrow
268 11.2 Catapults require multi?-stage motor programmes
269 11.3 Grasshopper jumping
270 11.3.1 Biomechanics
270 11.3.2 The behaviour
270 11.3.3 The hind legs
271 11.3.4 The motor programme
273 11.3.5 Directional control
279 11.3.6 Evolution of the grasshopper strategy
279 11.4 Froghoppers: the champion insect jumpers
280 11.4.1 Ratchet locks
282 11.4.2 Synchronisation
282 11.5 Mantis shrimps
284 11.5.1 Mantis shrimp catapults
285 11.5.2 Cavitation bubbles
287 11.6 Snapping (pistol) shrimps
288 11.7 Multi?-function mouthparts: the trap?-jaw ant
291 11.8 Prey capture with prehensile tongues
293 11.8.1 The chameleon tongue: sliding springs and supercontracting muscles
293 11.8.2 Salamander tongue projection
297 11.9 Temperature independence of catapults
300 11.10 Summary
300 Abbreviations
301 References
301 12 Molluscan Defence and Escape Systems
304 12.1 Squid jet propulsion
306 12.1.1 Biomechanics
306 12.1.2 Neural circuitry
307 12.1.3 Jetting behaviour
311 12.2 Inking
312 12.2.1 Neuroecology of inking
314 12.2.2 Neural circuitry of inking
315 12.3 Cephalopod colour and shape control
316 12.3.1 Chromatophores
317 12.3.2 Iridophores
319 12.3.3 Leucophores
321 12.3.4 Photophores
321 12.3.5 Body shape and dermal papillae
322 12.4 Summary
323 Abbreviations
323 References
323 13 Neurotoxins for Attack and Defence
326 13.1 Cone snails
328 13.1.1 The biology of cone snail envenomation
329 13.1.2 Conopeptides
333 13.1.3 The billion dollar mollusc
340 13.1.4 'Rapid' conch escape
341 13.2 The neuroethology of 'zombie' cockroaches
343 13.2.1 Sensory mechanisms of stinger precision
344 13.2.2 Transient paralysis
345 13.2.3 Intense grooming
346 13.2.4 Docile hypokinesia
346 13.3 Venom resistance
347 13.3.1 Targeting pain pathways
350 13.3.2 From pain to analgesia
350 13.4 Summary
352 Abbreviations
352 References
352 14 Concluding Thoughts
356 14.1 The need for speed
358 14.2 Safety in numbers
360 14.3 The unbalancing influences of humankind
361 References
363 Index
364