Michael J. Ellenbecker, Candace Su-Jung Tsai

Exposure Assessment and Safety Considerations for Working with Engineered Nanoparticles (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Addresses health and safety issues associated with workplace Nanoparticle exposures Describes methods to evaluate and control worker exposures to engineered nanoparticles Provides guidance for concerned EHS professionals on acceptable levels of exposure to nanoparticles Includes documentation on best practices to be followed by all researchers when working with engineered nanoparticles Describes current knowledge on toxicity of nanoparticles Includes coverage on Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 312
• Erscheinungstermin: 13. August 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118998663
• Artikelnr.: 43665655

Autorenporträt

Michael Ellenbecker, Emeritus Professor of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene and Director of the Toxics Use Reduction Institute at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, has published widely on the measurement and control of airborne contaminants. He is co-author of the Wiley textbook Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment, 2d edition. For the past ten years he has led the nanoparticle health and safety efforts at UMass Lowell. Candace Tsai, Assistant Professor of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene at Purdue University, and previously Manager for EHS research at UMass Lowell, has led groundbreaking research in exposure assessment and engineering controls associated with nanotechnology development. She received her doctorate in occupational and environmental hygiene and cleaner production at UMass Lowell. Dr. Tsai also has Master's degrees in chemical engineering and management science of business administration. Dr. Tsai has evaluated the potential for nanoparticle exposure in laboratories at many universities and private companies, and developed control techniques and strategies to eliminate exposure in more than a dozen of them.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface_xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why A Book on Nanotechnology Health and
Safety? 1 1.2 Some Scenarios 3 1.3 Organization of the Material 5 1.4 Our
Approach to Nanoparticle Health and Safety 5 References 7 2 What is a
Nanoparticle? 8 2.1 Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials, and Nanoparticles 9
2.1.1 Nanotechnology 9 2.1.2 Nanomaterial 9 2.1.3 Nanoparticle 9 2.2
Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles 10 2.3 Industrial Nanoparticles 12 2.4
Engineered Nanoparticles 14 2.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes 15 2.4.2 Fullerenes 17
2.4.3 Quantum Dots 17 2.5 Emerging Uses for Engineered Nanoparticles 19 2.6
Other Useful Definitions 20 2.6.1 Aerosol 20 2.6.2 Particle Inertia 21
2.6.3 Brownian Motion 22 2.6.4 Particle Diameter 23 2.6.5 Agglomerate
versus Aggregate 24 2.7 Summary 25 References 26 3 Why are we Concerned?
The Unique Properties of Nanoparticles 28 3.1 Surface?]to?]Volume Ratio 28
3.2 Particle Size 30 3.3 Particle Concentration 32 3.4 Dose Metrics:
Particle Number, Surface Area, Morphology, and Surface Properties 33 3.5
Implications for the Occupational and Environmental Health Impacts of
Nanoparticles 33 3.5.1 Respiratory Deposition 33 3.5.2 Skin Penetration 34
3.6 Implications for Physical Risks 35 3.6.1 Introduction 35 3.6.2 Current
Status 35 3.6.3 Conclusions 36 3.7 Summary 37 References 37 4 Routes of
Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Engineered
Nanoparticle Exposure through Inhalation 40 4.2.1 Human Respiratory System
40 4.2.2 Particle Deposition in the Respiratory System 43 4.3 Engineered
Nanoparticle Exposure Through Dermal Contact 46 4.4 Engineered Nanoparticle
Exposure Through Ingestion 48 4.5 T ranslocation of Nanoparticles from the
Lung 48 4.6 Summary 49 References 49 5 Current Knowledge on the Toxicity of
Nanoparticles 51 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 The Toxicity of Industrial
Nanoparticles 52 5.3 Nanoparticle Toxicity: General Concepts 53 5.3.1
Routes of Exposure 53 5.3.2 In Vivo and In Vitro Testing 53 5.4 Carbon
Nanotubes 54 5.5 Fullerenes 56 5.6 Quantum Dots 58 5.7 Metal?]Based
Nanoparticles 58 5.8 Summary 59 References 60 6 Sources of Exposure 63 6.1
Overview of Occupational Exposures 63 6.2 Occupational Exposures in
Research Facilities 64 6.3 Occupational Exposures in Manufacturing
Facilities 65 6.4 Exposure Potential for ENPs in Different Physical States
66 6.4.1 Dry Powders 66 6.4.2 Liquid Suspensions 69 6.4.3 ENPs Bound to a
Solid 72 6.5 Environmental Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles 73 6.5.1
Environmental Releases 73 6.5.2 Exposures Through a Product's Life Cycle 74
References 76 7 Evaluation of Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles 79 7.1
Current Knowledge Concerning Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles 79 7.2
Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles by Inhalation 81 7.2.1 Mass Sampling
81 7.2.2 Surface Area Measurement 83 7.2.3 Number Concentration Measurement
84 7.2.4 Conversion between Number, Surface Area, and Mass Concentrations
98 7.2.5 Particle Characterization 99 7.3 Dermal Exposures to Engineered
Nanoparticles 102 7.4 Evaluation of Exposures in Aquatic Environments 104
7.4.1 Introduction 104 7.4.2 Sample Collection 104 7.4.3 Measurement
Methods 105 7.4.4 Exposure Characterization in Aquatic Environments 107
References 108 8 Exposure Characterization 112 8.1 Exposure
Characterization Steps 113 8.1.1 Standard Occupational Hygiene Models 113
8.1.2 Exposure Characterization for Nanomaterials 113 8.2 Exposure
Measurement Strategies 120 8.2.1 Single?]Location Measurement 120 8.2.2
Multiple?]Location Measurement 120 8.2.3 Near?]Field and Far?]Field
Measurement 121 8.2.4 Dynamic Personal Sampling Measurement 122 8.3 Data
Analysis and Interpretation 123 8.4 Statistical Analysis of Data 124 8.4.1
Pearson Correlation 124 8.4.2 T?]test 125 8.5 Practical Aspects of Aerosol
Sampling and Microscopy Techniques 127 8.5.1 Aerosol Sampling Techniques
127 8.5.2 Microscopy Techniques 128 8.6 Practical Applications and
Limitations 128 8.6.1 Particle Losses 128 8.6.2 Concentration Measurement
versus Particle Samples 130 8.7 Typical Production Processes 130 8.7.1
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 130 8.7.2 Composite Manufacture 131 8.8 Case
Study: Manual Handling of Nanoparticles 133 8.8.1 Materials and Conditions
134 8.8.2 Particle Handling 134 8.8.3 Measurements 134 8.8.4 Aerosol
Particle Characterization 136 8.8.5 Results 137 8.8.6 Discussion 144 8.8.7
The Challenge and Brainstorming 145 8.8.8 Study Questions 145 8.9 Case
Study: Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 146 8.9.1 Materials and Synthesis 146
8.9.2 Measurement 147 8.9.3 Results 148 8.9.4 The Challenge and
Brainstorming 155 8.9.5 Study Questions 156 8.10 Case Study: Exposure From
Twin Screw Extrusion Compounding 156 8.10.1 Materials and Production
Process 157 8.10.2 Measurements 158 8.10.3 Results 158 8.10.4 The Challenge
and Brainstorming 162 8.10.5 Study Questions 163 References 164 9 Control
of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles 166 9.1 Control of
Airborne Exposures 166 9.1.1 General 166 9.1.2 Laboratory Fume Hoods 169
9.1.3 Alternatives to Conventional Fume Hoods 178 9.2 Control of Dermal
Exposures 181 9.2.1 General 181 9.2.2 Clothing and Personal Protective
Equipment 181 9.3 Administrative Controls and Good Work Practices 182 9.3.1
Housekeeping 183 9.3.2 Work Practices 183 9.3.3 Worker Training 183 9.4
Respiratory Protection 185 9.4.1 General Considerations 185 9.4.2
Respirator Designs 186 9.5 Case Study: Comparison of the Performance of
Various Fume Hoods 195 9.5.1 Materials and Hoods 195 9.5.2 Measurements 198
9.5.3 Results 198 9.5.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming 206 9.5.5 Study
Questions 206 9.6 Case Study: Performance of Nontraditional Fume Hoods 206
9.6.1 Materials and Hoods 207 9.6.2 Measurements 207 9.6.3 Results 207
9.6.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming 214 9.6.5 Study Questions 215
References 215 10 Control of Environmental Exposures 219 10.1 Control of
Air Emissions 219 10.1.1 Factors Affecting Air Cleaner Performance 220
10.1.2 Categories of Air Cleaning Devices 220 10.2 Control of Water
Emissions 228 10.3 Nanoparticles in Solid Waste 232 10.4 Control of
Exposures Throughout a Product's Life Cycle 233 10.5 Uncertainties and
Needed Research 234 10.6 Case Study--Filtration Control 234 10.6.1
Materials and Process 235 10.6.2 The Challenge and Brainstorming 246 10.6.3
Study Questions 246 References 247 11 The Regulatory Environment for
Engineered Nanomaterials 249 11.1 Occupational Health Regulations 250
11.1.1 Occupational Health Regulations in the European Union 250 11.1.2 US
Occupational Health Regulations 252 11.1.3 Summary: Occupational Exposure
Regulations 256 11.2 Environmental Regulations 257 11.2.1 US Environmental
Regulations 257 11.2.2 Environmental Regulations in the European Union 261
11.3 Comparison of Nanotechnology Regulation under TSCA and REACH 263
11.3.1 The Precautionary Principle and the Burden of Proof 263 11.3.2
Differences in Handling New and Existing Chemicals 264 11.3.3 Volume?]Based
Thresholds and Exemptions 265 11.4 Private Law 265 11.5 Conclusions 266
References 266 12 Future Directions in Engineered Nanoparticle Health and
Safety 269 12.1 Where we are Today 269 12.1.1 Research Efforts in the
United States 269 12.1.2 Research Efforts in Europe 273 12.1.3 Progress
toward Research Goals 273 12.2 Human Health Effects Studies 276 12.3
Exposure Assessment 276 12.3.1 Future Needs in Exposure Assessment
Techniques 276 12.3.2 The Development of Occupational Exposure Limits 278
12.4 Optimal Approaches to Control Exposures 279 12.4.1 Engineering Control
of Occupational Exposures 279 12.4.2 Control Banding 280 12.4.3 Respiratory
Protection 280 12.4.4 Safe Work Practices 281 12.4.5 Air Pollution Control
of Nanoparticles 281 12.4.6 Water Pollution Control of Nanoparticles 281
12.4.7 Nanoparticles in Waste Streams 282 12.5 The Future of Regulation 282
12.6 Conclusions 282 References 283 Index 285