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The small, terrestrial eastern red-backed salamander is abundant on many forest floors of northeastern North America. Dr. Robert Jaeger and many of his graduate students spent over 50 years studying this species in New York and Virginia, using ecological techniques in forests and behavioral experiments in laboratory chambers in an attempt to understand how this species interacts with other species in the forest and the components of its intra- and intersexual social behaviors. The competitive and social behaviors of this species are unusually complex for an amphibian. This species is highly…mehr
The small, terrestrial eastern red-backed salamander is abundant on many forest floors of northeastern North America. Dr. Robert Jaeger and many of his graduate students spent over 50 years studying this species in New York and Virginia, using ecological techniques in forests and behavioral experiments in laboratory chambers in an attempt to understand how this species interacts with other species in the forest and the components of its intra- and intersexual social behaviors. The competitive and social behaviors of this species are unusually complex for an amphibian. This species is highly aggressive towards other similar-size species where they cohabit in forests, often leading to very little geographic overlap between the species. The authors examine the fascinating behavioral traits of this species including social monogamy, mutual mate guarding, sexual coercion, inter-species communication, and conflict resolution.
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Robert G. Jager is a retired former Professor of Biology at the Unviersity of Lousiana at Lafayette. He has spent the last forty years working on territoriality and interspecific competition in the red-backed salamanders, Plethodon cinereus. He is currently retired but continues to publish actively. Current research examines social behavior and, in particular, social monogamy/polygamy in red-backed salamanders. Birgit Gollmann is a Researcher at the Institut fur Zoologie at the Universitat Wien in Vienna, Austria. Carl D. Anthony is a Professor in the Biology Department at John Carroll University. Caitlin Gabor is a Professor of Biology at Texas State University. Nancy Kohn is an adjunct faculty member in the department of Biology at the College of New Jersey.
Inhaltsangabe
* 1. Prelude * 1.1 Bob Jaeger meets the eastern red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus * 1.2 An introduction to red-backed salamanders * 1.3 The plot of our research program * 1.4 Comments concerning methodology and statistical paradigms * 2. Interspecific competition between Plethodon cinereus and P. shenandoah * 2.1 Ecological studies * 2.2 Behavioral experiments * 2.3 Selected, recent research by others: interspecific competition * 3. Intraspecific territoriality by P. cinereus * 3.1 Definition and theory * 3.2 Distribution and prey availability * 3.3 Site tenacity by P. cinereus * 3.4 Determining sex and defining behavioral patterns * 3.5 The use of odors and dear enemy recognition * 3.6 The expulsion of intruders * 3.7 Testing territoriality in the forest * 3.8 Numerous variables that affect territorial contests * 3.9 Life history traits and territorial contests * 3.10 Seasonal and geographic variation in territorial agonistic behavior * 3.11 Selected, recent research by others: intraspecific territoriality * 4. Foraging tactics by P. cinereus within territories * 4.1. Foraging on live versus dead prey * 4.2. Diet breadth * 4.3. Optimal prey choice * 4.4. Territorial and foraging behavioral conflicts * 4.5. Assessing prey densities * 4.6. Judging prey profitabilities * 4.7. Conflicts between foraging behavior and territorial defense * 4.8. Diet diversity and clutch size * 4.9. Selected, recent research by others: foraging tactics * 5. Pheromonal glands and pheromonal communication by P. cinereus * 5.1. Early studies suggested that pheromones do occur * 5.2. Do males of P. cinereus produce territorial pheromones? * 5.3. Do females of P. cinereus produce territorial pheromones? * 5.4. Where are those pheromones produced in males and females? * 5.5. Focusing on the postcloacal gland * 5.6. What information does the postcloacal gland communicate? * 5.7. What signals do pheromones communicate? * 5.8. Scent matching and tail autotomy * 5.9. Do territorial pheromones aid in homing behavior by P. cinereus? * 5.10. Are pheromones volatile? * 5.11. More research needed * 5.12. Selected, recent research by others: pheromonal communication * 6. Interspecific territoriality and other interspecific behavioral interactions * 6.1. Interspecific territoriality between P. cinereus and P. shenandoah * 6.2. Rules of engagement with juveniles of P. glutinosus * 6.3. Plethodon cinereus in an assemblage of salamanders * 6.4. Ecological tests of behavioral predictions: enclosed plots on the forest floor * 6.5. More ecological tests of behavioral predictions: unenclosed plots on the forest floor * 6.6. Character displacement: P. cinereus versus P. hoffmani * 6.7. Competition between P. cinereus and P. hubrichti * 6.8. Diversity of behaviors by P. cinereus towards other species * 6.9. Selected, recent research by others: interspecific territoriality * 7. Intraspecific social behavior within P. cinereus * 7.1. Interactions of adults and juveniles in the forest and in the laboratory * 7.2. Distributions of adult males and females * 7.3. Microdistributions of adults and juveniles * 7.4. Female-female interactions * 7.5. Male-female behavioral interactions in the forest * 7.6. The ESS dating game * 7.7. Males, females, and faeces * 7.8. Females prefer larger males * 7.9. Males and females prefer familiar opposite-sex individuals * 7.10. Social monogamy * 7.11. Mutual mate guarding * 7.12. Sexual coercion * 7.13. Imperfect information during sexual discrimination? * 7.14. Relationship value and conflict resolution * 7.15. Natural versus forced partnerships * 7.16. Females are often genetically polyandrous * 7.17. Switching from social monogamy to social polygamy * 7.18. Brooding behavior and neonates: kin recognition? * 7.19. What 3487 uniquely marked salamanders reveal about social relationships * 7.20. A preliminary view of social organization within P. cinereus * 7.21. Selected, recent research by others: social behavior * 8. Predator-prey interactions between P. cinereus and a snake * 8.1. Can P. cinereus detect the snake visually or chemically? * 8.2. Can the snake detect chemical cues from P. cinereus? * 8.3. Naïve snakes recognize odors of P. cinereus * 8.4. Tail autotomy deceives the snake * 8.5. The snake follows the trail of P. cinereus * 8.6. The predator-prey evolutionary arms race * 8.7. Selected, recent research by others: predator-prey arms races * 9. Cognitive ecology in P. cinereus * 9.1. Numerical discrimination by P. cinereus * 9.2. Both learning and heritability affect foraging ability * 9.3. Displacement of territorial aggression * 9.4. The impact of familiarity on salamander behavior * 9.5. Individual recognition memory * 9.6. Selected, recent research by others: cognitive ecology * 10. Coda: synthesis and social behaviors by P. cinereus * 10.1. Behavioral variation within a population * 10.2. Behavioral options during contests * 10.3. How salamanders choose among options * 10.4. What are social, mating, and genetic monogamy? * 10.5. Mea maxima culpa
* 1. Prelude * 1.1 Bob Jaeger meets the eastern red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus * 1.2 An introduction to red-backed salamanders * 1.3 The plot of our research program * 1.4 Comments concerning methodology and statistical paradigms * 2. Interspecific competition between Plethodon cinereus and P. shenandoah * 2.1 Ecological studies * 2.2 Behavioral experiments * 2.3 Selected, recent research by others: interspecific competition * 3. Intraspecific territoriality by P. cinereus * 3.1 Definition and theory * 3.2 Distribution and prey availability * 3.3 Site tenacity by P. cinereus * 3.4 Determining sex and defining behavioral patterns * 3.5 The use of odors and dear enemy recognition * 3.6 The expulsion of intruders * 3.7 Testing territoriality in the forest * 3.8 Numerous variables that affect territorial contests * 3.9 Life history traits and territorial contests * 3.10 Seasonal and geographic variation in territorial agonistic behavior * 3.11 Selected, recent research by others: intraspecific territoriality * 4. Foraging tactics by P. cinereus within territories * 4.1. Foraging on live versus dead prey * 4.2. Diet breadth * 4.3. Optimal prey choice * 4.4. Territorial and foraging behavioral conflicts * 4.5. Assessing prey densities * 4.6. Judging prey profitabilities * 4.7. Conflicts between foraging behavior and territorial defense * 4.8. Diet diversity and clutch size * 4.9. Selected, recent research by others: foraging tactics * 5. Pheromonal glands and pheromonal communication by P. cinereus * 5.1. Early studies suggested that pheromones do occur * 5.2. Do males of P. cinereus produce territorial pheromones? * 5.3. Do females of P. cinereus produce territorial pheromones? * 5.4. Where are those pheromones produced in males and females? * 5.5. Focusing on the postcloacal gland * 5.6. What information does the postcloacal gland communicate? * 5.7. What signals do pheromones communicate? * 5.8. Scent matching and tail autotomy * 5.9. Do territorial pheromones aid in homing behavior by P. cinereus? * 5.10. Are pheromones volatile? * 5.11. More research needed * 5.12. Selected, recent research by others: pheromonal communication * 6. Interspecific territoriality and other interspecific behavioral interactions * 6.1. Interspecific territoriality between P. cinereus and P. shenandoah * 6.2. Rules of engagement with juveniles of P. glutinosus * 6.3. Plethodon cinereus in an assemblage of salamanders * 6.4. Ecological tests of behavioral predictions: enclosed plots on the forest floor * 6.5. More ecological tests of behavioral predictions: unenclosed plots on the forest floor * 6.6. Character displacement: P. cinereus versus P. hoffmani * 6.7. Competition between P. cinereus and P. hubrichti * 6.8. Diversity of behaviors by P. cinereus towards other species * 6.9. Selected, recent research by others: interspecific territoriality * 7. Intraspecific social behavior within P. cinereus * 7.1. Interactions of adults and juveniles in the forest and in the laboratory * 7.2. Distributions of adult males and females * 7.3. Microdistributions of adults and juveniles * 7.4. Female-female interactions * 7.5. Male-female behavioral interactions in the forest * 7.6. The ESS dating game * 7.7. Males, females, and faeces * 7.8. Females prefer larger males * 7.9. Males and females prefer familiar opposite-sex individuals * 7.10. Social monogamy * 7.11. Mutual mate guarding * 7.12. Sexual coercion * 7.13. Imperfect information during sexual discrimination? * 7.14. Relationship value and conflict resolution * 7.15. Natural versus forced partnerships * 7.16. Females are often genetically polyandrous * 7.17. Switching from social monogamy to social polygamy * 7.18. Brooding behavior and neonates: kin recognition? * 7.19. What 3487 uniquely marked salamanders reveal about social relationships * 7.20. A preliminary view of social organization within P. cinereus * 7.21. Selected, recent research by others: social behavior * 8. Predator-prey interactions between P. cinereus and a snake * 8.1. Can P. cinereus detect the snake visually or chemically? * 8.2. Can the snake detect chemical cues from P. cinereus? * 8.3. Naïve snakes recognize odors of P. cinereus * 8.4. Tail autotomy deceives the snake * 8.5. The snake follows the trail of P. cinereus * 8.6. The predator-prey evolutionary arms race * 8.7. Selected, recent research by others: predator-prey arms races * 9. Cognitive ecology in P. cinereus * 9.1. Numerical discrimination by P. cinereus * 9.2. Both learning and heritability affect foraging ability * 9.3. Displacement of territorial aggression * 9.4. The impact of familiarity on salamander behavior * 9.5. Individual recognition memory * 9.6. Selected, recent research by others: cognitive ecology * 10. Coda: synthesis and social behaviors by P. cinereus * 10.1. Behavioral variation within a population * 10.2. Behavioral options during contests * 10.3. How salamanders choose among options * 10.4. What are social, mating, and genetic monogamy? * 10.5. Mea maxima culpa
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