Materials Sciences in Space

A Contribution to the Scientific Basis of Space Processing
Herausgegeben von Feuerbacher, Berndt; Hamacher, Hans; Naumann, Robert J.

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

t~icrogravity research, a new field originating from the accessibility of space, has reached the age of adolescence. An impressive set of results has emerged from the fi rst Space 1 ab fl i ght, whi ch by now has been fully evaluated. In view of this and the wealth of information available from other space experiments, ground based research, and short-term microgra vity experiments in ai rp 1 anes, rockets or fall towers, it was felt that the time was ripe for a comprehensive review of the field. The initiative of the US to build a permanent station in space, which was soon followed by a European decision to join this venture, further focussed attention onto microgravity materials sciences. This originates from the interesting prospects of a commercial space uti 1 ization, which would heavily rely on the results of scientific or technical experiments in space. From this point of view it also seemed timely and essential to provi de prospective commerci a 1 users with the necessaryi nformat i on on previous experience, and more importantly, with a sound scientific basis for space processing. The aim of the present volume consequently is twofold, namely - to stimulate new scientific experiments in space in order to expand our knowledge gained from microgravity research, and to provide industry with the information obtained from space experi ments sofar and to contribute to the scientific background for commer cial space utilization.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer / Springer Berlin Heidelberg / Springer, Berlin
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 978-3-642-82763-1
• Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1986
• Seitenzahl: 520
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. Dezember 2011
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 235mm x 155mm x 28mm
• Gewicht: 778g
• ISBN-13: 9783642827631
• ISBN-10: 3642827632
• Artikelnr.: 36121140

Inhaltsangabe

I: Microgravity Materials Sciences.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Space Utilization.- 1.2 The Scientific Basis.- 1.3 Present State and Future Developments.- 2. Historical Development.- 2.1 Motivation for Microgravity Experiments.- 2.2 First Experiments.- 2.2.1 Drop Tower and Aircraft Experiments.- 2.2.2 Apollo Experiments.- 2.3 Sky lab and Apollo-Soyus Test Project Experiments.- 2.3.1 Crystal Growth Experiments.- 2.3.2 Metallurgical Experiments.- 2.3.3 Electrophoresis Experiments.- 2.3.4 Skylab and Apollo-Soyus Experiments in Perspective.- 2.4 SPAR Experiments.- 2.5 Creation of the Science Base.- 3. Stimulation of Weightlessness.- 3.1 Free Fall: The Principle to Simulate Weightlessness.- 3.2 Free Fall Trajectories.- 3.3 The Orbital Flight.- 3.3.1 Atmospheric Drag.- 3.3.2 Solar Radiation Pressure.- 3.3.3 The Extended Spacecraft.- 3.3.4 G-jitter.- 3.4 Other Free-Fall Methods.- 3.4.1 Sounding Rockets.- 3.4.2 Research Aircrafts.- 3.4.3 Drop Tubes and Drop Towers.- II: Physical Phenomena.- 4. Convectionon and Bulk Transport.- 4.1 Bulk Fluid Flow.- 4.2 Scalings for Flow and Species Transport.- 4.3 Transport Phenomena in Directional Solidification.- 4.4 Transport Phenomena in the Floating Zone.- 4.5 Drop Dynamics.- 4.6 Summary and Perspective.- 5. Diffusion and Atomic Transport.- 5.1 Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes.- 5.1.1 Phenomenological Equations.- 5.1.2 Diffusion.- 5.1.3 Transport Effects.- 5.1.4 Influence of Gravity on Transport.- 5.2 Diffusion and Transport in Simple Systems.- 5.2.1 Reference System.- 5.2.2 Simple Solutions of the Continuity Equation.- 5.2.3 The Boltzmann-Matano Method.- 5.2.4 Experimental Methods and Problems.- 5.3 Theories of Diffusion Processes in Liquids.- 5.3.1 Diffusion and Viscosity.- 5.3.2 Quasicrystalline Models.- 5.3.3 Model of Critical Volume.- 5.3.4 Fluctuation Theory.- 5.3.5 New Concepts and the Dynamic Structure of Liquid.- 5.3.6 Theories of Transport Processes in Liquids.- 5.3.7 Isotope Effect in Diffusion and Transport.- 5.4 Influence of Diffusion on Related Experiments.- 5.4.1 Solidification and Eutectic Alloys.- 5.4.2 Ostwald-Ripening.- 5.4.3 Separation of Immiscible Liqifids.- 5.4.4 Crystallization.- 5.5 Conclusions.- 6. Capillarity and Wetting.- 6.1 Surfaces.- 6.1.1 The Gibbs Model.- 6.1.2 Determination of Surface Tension.- 6.1.3 Surface Tension and Other Properties.- 6.2 Surface Tension of Solutions.- 6.3 Surface Tension of Solids.- 6.4 Wetting and Spreading.- 6.4.1 Contact Angles: Measurement and Character.- 6.5 Capillarity.- 6.5.1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium.- 6.5.2 Diffusional Equilibrium.- 6.5.3 Capillary Stability.- 6.6 Practical Conclusions.- 7. Solidification.- 7.1 Objectives for Solidification Research Under Microgravity.- 7.2 Solidification Front Dynamics.- 7.3 Complex Interactions of Different Transport Processes.- 7.4 Gravity-Independent Convective Processes.- 7.5 Effect of Convection on Microstructure and Properties.- 7.6 Towards Novel Materials and Technologies.- 8. Nucleation and Undercooling.- 8.1 Nucleation Theory.- 8.1.1 Clusters and Nuclei.- 8.1.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation.- 8.1.3 The Nucleation Rate.- 8.2 Nonequilibrium Solidification.- 8.2.1 Undercooling and Hypercooling.- 8.2.2 Thermodynamic Conditions.- 8.2.3 Influence of Solidification Kirfetics.- 8.2.4Microstructure Refinement.- 8.3 Experimental Approaches.- 8.3.1 Rapid Cooling.- 8.3.2 Amorphous Containment.- 8.3.3 Dispersion Techniques.- 8.3.4 Container less Undercooling.- 8.4 Microgravity Prospects.- 9. Critical Phenomena.- 9.1 Universality of the Critical Behavior. Scaling Laws.- 9.1.1 Broken Symmetry - Order Parameter.- 9.1.2 The Landau Free Energy.- 9.1.3 Scaling Laws. The Renormalization Group Approach.- 9.1.4 Critical Fluid Dynamics.- 9.2 Non Equilibrium Phenomena.- 9.2.1 Fluids Under Shear Flow. Change of Upper Critical Dimensionality.- 9.2.2 Phase Separation Process: Nucleation, Spinodal Decomposition.- 9.2.3 Ionic Conductivity Measurements.- 9.3 Finite Size Effects: Wetting and Prewetting Transitions.- 9.3.1 In the 2-Phases Region: Wetting.- 9.3.2 In the 1-Phase Region: Prewetting.- 9.3.3 Near the Critical Point: The Critical Adsorption.- 9.4 Gravity Dependence.- 9.4.1 The Liquid-Vapor Transition.- 9.4.2 The Phase Separation Process.- 9.4.3 Wetting Layers.- 9.4.4 The x-Point of Helium.- 9.5 Experiments Under Microgravity Conditions.- 9.5.1 Microgravity to Obtain a Bulk Critical Cell at the Gas-Liquid Critical Point.- 9.5.2 Microgravity to Avoid Stratification.- 9.6 General Conclusion.- III: Experimental Hardware.- 10. Funmices.- 10.1 Special Requirements to Furnaces in Space Laboratories.- 10.2 Review of Heating Techniques and Their Potential for Space Furnaces.- a. Resistance Heating.- b. Electron Beam Heating.- c. Inductive Heating.- d. Electrical Discharge Heating.- e. Heat Pipe Heating.- f. Mirror Heating.- g. Direct Current Passage Heating.- h. Laser Heating.- i. Microwave Heating.- k. Chemical Reaction Heating.- 10.3 Practical Spaceborn Furnace Configurations and Their Characteristics.- a. Isothermal Heating Furnaces.- b. Gradient Furnaces.- c. Zone Heating Furnaces.- d. Universal Furnaces.- 10.4 Peripheral Devices.- 10.5 Future Trends in Space Furnace Development.- 11. Fluid Experiments.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Particular Characteristics of Fluid Instrumentation.- 11.3 The Spacelab Facilities.- 11.4 Concluding Remarks.- 12. Containerless Processing Technologh.- 12.1 Drop Facilities.- 12.1.1 The MSFC Drop Tubes t.- 12.1.2 The JPL Drag-Free Drop Facility.- 12.2 Acoustical Levitators.- 12.2.1 Single-Axis Tuned Cavity Acoustic Levitator Furnace.- 12.2.2 Three-Axis Levitator.- 12.2.3 Single-Axis Interference Levitator.- 12.3 Aerodynamic Levitators.- 12.4 Electromagnetic Levitators.- 12.5 Electrostatic Levitation.- 12.6 Prospectus for Containerless Processing.- IV: Case Studies and Results.- 13. Metals and Composites.- 13.1 Metallurgical Technologies.- 13.2 Test of Theories.- 13.2.1 Eutectic Growth.- 13.2.2 Directional Solidification.- 13.3 Elaboration of New or Improved Materials.- 13.3.1 Particle Redistribution.- 13.3.2 Systems of Interest.- 13.3.3 Skin Technology.- 13.4 Characteristic Future Experiments.- 13.4.1 The "GETS" Experiment.- 13.4.2 The Mephisto Project.- 13.5 Conclusions.- 14. Binary, Systems with, Miscibility, gap in the Liquid State.- 14.1 Binary Systems with Miscibility Gap in the Liquid State.- 14.2 Minimum Free Energy Configurations.- 14.3.1 Simulation of Spinodal Decomposition and Growth of Nuclei.- 14.3.2 Nucleation.- 14.3.3 Terrestrial Observation of the Early Stages of Spinodal Decomposition and Nucleation.- 14.4 Results of Microgravity Investigations.- 14.5 Conclusions.- 15. Crystal Growth.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Space Relevant Growth Techniques.- 15.2.1 Floating Zone Melting.- 15.2.2 Bridgman Growth.- 15.2.3 Growth from Metal Solution by the Travelling Heater Method (THM).- 15.2.4 Growth from Aqueous Solution.- 15.2.5 Vapour Growth.- 15.3 Discussion.- 15.4 Future Potential.- 15.5 Conclusions.- 16. Fluid Dynamics.- 16.1 Capillarity.- 16.2 Stability.- 16.3 Microgravity Experiments on Liquid Bridges and Drops.- 16.4 Dynamic Models.- 16.5 Wetting and Spreading.- 16.6 Interface Convection.- 16.7 Microgravity Experiments on Interface Convection.- 17. Themophysical Properties.- 17.1 Overview on Properties with Gravity Influence.- 17.2 Design of Experiments for Reduced Gravity (Diffusion and Atomic Transport).- 17.2.1 Container Design.- 17.2.2 Temperature Control.- 17.2.3 Analysis of Diffusion Components.- 17.3 Diffusion Experiments in Space.- 17.3.1 Self diffusion in Zn (Skylab).- 17.3.2 Solute Diffusion of Au in Pb (Apollo-Soyuz).- 17.3.3 Self diffusion in Sn (Spacelab-1).- 17.3.4 Self- and Interdiffusion in Sn/In (D1 Flight).- 17.3.5 Interdif fusion in Pb/Zn (D1 Flight).- 17.3.6 Interdif fusion in Salt Melts (D1 Flight).- 17.4 Transport Experiments in Space.- 17.4.1 Thermotransport of Co in Sn (Spacelab-1 and D1).- 17.4.2 Thermotransport in AgI/KI (D1 Flight).- 17.5 Summary and Outlook.- 18. Glasses.- 18.1 Uses and Types of Glass.- 18.2 Melting of Glass.- 18.3 Glass Formation and Crystallization.- 18.4 Diffusion.- 18.5 Bubbles.- 18.6 Processing of Glass in Low Gravity.- 18.7 Measurement of Properties of Glass in Low Gravity.- 18.8 Summary.- 19. Separation Techniques.- 19.1 Electrophoresis.- 19.2 Continuous Flow Electrophoresis on Earth.- 19.3 Continuous Flow Electrophoresis in Space.- 19.4 Isoelectric Focusing.- 19.5 Phase Partitioning.- 19.6 Conclusions.